\n\n\u003cp>This wasn't the first message from this address. Two other messages were sent in Ethereum transactions within a week.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>7 days ago:\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003cblockquote>\n\u003cp>There is a new mode of crime in which the victim is gradually deprived of his senses of desire until he becomes a complete slave to the digital machine, and if one day I become a victim of the final stage, I will leave the world\u003c/p>\n\u003c/blockquote>\n\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>2 days ago:\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003cblockquote>\n\u003cp>As the brain-computer interface and mind-reading technology keeps developing, there is a new mode of crime in which wild animals become puppets or complete slaves to the digital machine.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/blockquote>\n\n\u003chr/>\n\n\u003cp>I looked up, and "brain-computer weapons" would seem to suggest a conspiracy theory about brain-computer interfaces, a technology that connects the human brain directly to computers.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003cp>BCIs are being developed by companies like Neuralink (founded by Elon Musk) to help people with disabilities regain motor functions. Some people say that such interfaces could be used for mind control or other forms of coercion.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003cp>There's no evidence to support these claims, but the fact that someone burned 500 eth in order to post this message says a lot. They clearly felt it was the only way to give us a warning, using Ethereum's powerful uncensorable system.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003chr/>\n\n\u003cp>This same exact address also sent a ton of eth to donation addresses as well:\u003c/p>\n\n\u003col>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://etherscan.io/tx/0xd5de70368d9f11005b94806ee9d70c31f66b34710fd0de1851a8308a977a0a36\">591 eth to WikiLeaks donation wallet\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://etherscan.io/address/ndao.eth\">700 eth to what seems to be a Ukraine donation address\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ol>\n\n\u003chr/>\n\n\u003cp>It's not clear if this person is just a wealthy activist, or a conspiracy theorist, or someone with more weird, evil intentions. What's clear is they're willing to burn millions of dollars to get their messages out.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003cp>One of the fundamental principles of Ethereum is that anything written on-chain can never be deleted. This person used Ethereum's blockchain as their own personal permanent message board, proving that in a decentralized system words can't be censored, even if it's extremely expensive.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003cp>What a time to be alive.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003chr/>\n\n\u003cp>Sources:\u003c/p>\n\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://x.com/sassal0x/status/1891451625543176232\">Post on X\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://etherscan.io/tx/0x5e8bef5dcb69206fa1bacc8d0b0c0204e12f1e45483d12b9f69dc1829ac74315\">Transaction hash\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>","source":"reddit.com","time":1739798079000,"timely":true,"updates":34,"url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/ethtrader/comments/1irjk3u/someone_burned_500_eth_with_a_mysterious_message/","nReplies":149,"origin":"in r/ethtrader","type":"rpost","__at":"2025-02-18T08:17:30.197Z","boosted":false,"safeId":"t3_1irjk3u","icon":"reddit"},"t3_1irli91":{"original":{"subreddit_name_prefixed":"r/ethereum","pwls":6,"downs":0,"upvote_ratio":0.36,"is_original_content":false,"author_fullname":"t2_5pne3ifj","score":0,"is_created_from_ads_ui":false,"author_cakeday":true,"is_self":true,"wls":6,"domain":"self.ethereum","allow_live_comments":false,"suggested_sort":"top","no_follow":true,"all_awardings":[],"awarders":[],"treatment_tags":[],"author_is_blocked":false,"is_robot_indexable":true,"num_duplicates":0,"num_comments":23,"send_replies":true,"subreddit_subscribers":3644374},"title":"eth is choking rigth now?","author":"frenchbriefs","replies":["t1_md96dy4","t1_md9773z","t1_md97olp","t1_md97fd6","t1_md97hht","t1_md97ia6","t1_md97822","t1_md9ittp","t1_md9bmi5","t1_md99hze","t1_md99gwb","t1_md9f2wg","t1_md9dstf","t1_md9alqi","t1_md9nn2q","t1_mdbb38z","t1_md9t04p","t1_mdcmgls","t1_md97mrp","t1_mdcgtlu","t1_mdcmj2u","t1_md97juz"],"directReplies":["t1_md96dy4","t1_md9773z","t1_md97822","t1_md97mrp","t1_md99gwb","t1_md99hze","t1_md9bmi5","t1_md9f2wg","t1_mdcgtlu"],"upvotes":0,"indicators":[],"topics":[{"topic":"all","activity":157,"score":264,"relativeScore":1},{"topic":"crypto","activity":92,"score":154,"relativeScore":1},{"topic":"eth","activity":92,"score":154,"relativeScore":1}],"context":{"all":{"topic":"all","activity":157,"score":264,"relativeScore":1},"crypto":{"topic":"crypto","activity":92,"score":154,"relativeScore":1},"eth":{"topic":"eth","activity":92,"score":154,"relativeScore":1}},"gotReplies":false,"pinned":{},"editorializers":{},"parents":[],"referrals":[],"_id":"t3_1irli91","added":"2025-02-18T08:09:34.819Z","content":"did something happen?all of a sudden usual gas prices are up from 2 or 3 to 6 to 15 and now its at 75,90.....\n\n \nand there seems to be like a pile up/car accident domino effect on blockchain tech, something gets stuck the whole traffic starts piling up and people gets frustrated and starts pushing up their gas offerings, and the network notices a jam also starts pushing up prices and ends up prices snowball out of control?\n\n \nlord in the age where personal internet speeds range in the gigabytes and server bandwidth in the teraflops......i cant believe the blockchain technology is predicated on such crippling flaws and archilles heels.","first":1739804701026,"html":"\u003cp>did something happen?all of a sudden usual gas prices are up from 2 or 3 to 6 to 15 and now its at 75,90.....\u003c/p>\n\n\u003cp>and there seems to be like a pile up/car accident domino effect on blockchain tech, something gets stuck the whole traffic starts piling up and people gets frustrated and starts pushing up their gas offerings, and the network notices a jam also starts pushing up prices and ends up prices snowball out of control?\u003c/p>\n\n\u003cp>lord in the age where personal internet speeds range in the gigabytes and server bandwidth in the teraflops......i cant believe the blockchain technology is predicated on such crippling flaws and archilles heels.\u003c/p>","source":"reddit.com","time":1739803785000,"timely":true,"updates":18,"url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/ethereum/comments/1irli91/eth_is_choking_rigth_now/","nReplies":21,"origin":"in r/ethereum","type":"rpost","__at":"2025-02-18T09:04:45.888Z","boosted":false,"safeId":"t3_1irli91","icon":"reddit"},"t3_1irmaab":{"original":{"subreddit_name_prefixed":"r/ethtrader","pwls":6,"downs":0,"upvote_ratio":0.89,"is_original_content":false,"author_fullname":"t2_ez2knxbnv","score":64,"is_created_from_ads_ui":false,"is_self":true,"wls":6,"domain":"self.ethtrader","allow_live_comments":false,"suggested_sort":"confidence","all_awardings":[],"awarders":[],"treatment_tags":[],"author_is_blocked":false,"is_robot_indexable":true,"num_duplicates":0,"num_comments":64,"send_replies":false,"subreddit_subscribers":2312019},"title":"After 19 weeks of inflows, crypto sees $415M in outflows. BTC dips, ETH pumps.","author":"MasterpieceLoud4931","replies":["t1_md9cpal","t1_md9j1jy","t1_md9hymk","t1_md9jm1z","t1_md9d4ji","t1_md9d39n","t1_md9dfth","t1_md9dflf","t1_md9jula","t1_md9ndug","t1_md9mn1p","t1_md9qwuy","t1_md9nx1r","t1_md9mphf","t1_md9ltds","t1_md9wk0o","t1_md9o20s","t1_md9nk25","t1_md9kzfu","t1_md9oxvq","t1_md9wb5o","t1_md9nh3a","t1_mda1too","t1_mda0n8m","t1_mda0yvz","t1_mda0t7c","t1_md9yayh","t1_mdai96g","t1_mdaaoa9","t1_mdabhtu","t1_mdaihn4","t1_mdaaxky","t1_mdab5g5","t1_mdajkee","t1_mdassuk","t1_mdav9nx","t1_mdb1tlw","t1_mdb55ou","t1_mdb83l2","t1_mdbxx0u","t1_mdc5i5p","t1_mdcddxz","t1_mdcptlr","t1_mdcyu8q","t1_mddj6af","t1_mddrq44"],"directReplies":["t1_md9cpal","t1_md9d39n","t1_md9dflf","t1_md9hymk","t1_md9jm1z","t1_md9jula","t1_md9kzfu","t1_md9o20s","t1_md9oxvq","t1_md9wb5o","t1_mdab5g5","t1_mdajkee","t1_mdassuk","t1_mdav9nx","t1_mdb1tlw","t1_mdb55ou","t1_mdb83l2","t1_mdbxx0u","t1_mdc5i5p","t1_mdcddxz","t1_mdcptlr","t1_mdcyu8q","t1_mddj6af","t1_mddrq44"],"upvotes":64,"indicators":[],"topics":[{"topic":"all","activity":220,"score":376,"relativeScore":1},{"topic":"crypto","activity":159,"score":271,"relativeScore":1},{"topic":"eth","activity":118,"score":202,"relativeScore":0.75},{"topic":"btc","activity":40,"score":69,"relativeScore":0.25}],"context":{"all":{"topic":"all","activity":220,"score":376,"relativeScore":1},"crypto":{"topic":"crypto","activity":159,"score":271,"relativeScore":1},"eth":{"topic":"eth","activity":118,"score":202,"relativeScore":0.75},"btc":{"topic":"btc","activity":40,"score":69,"relativeScore":0.25}},"gotReplies":false,"pinned":{},"editorializers":{},"parents":[{"_id":"coinshares.com","url":"https://coinshares.com","type":"reference","score":0}],"referrals":[],"_id":"t3_1irmaab","added":"2025-02-18T08:09:34.455Z","content":"There was a sudden turnaround with a total outflow of $415 million after 19 weeks of inflows into digital asset investment products. This abrupt change was apparently caused as a result of macroeconomic factors, like Fed Chair Powell's hostile monetary policy stance that predicted a tighter financial environment. This would be bad for risk assets like crypto. Inflation numbers were also higher than expected, probably pushing back against anticipated rate cuts.\n\nDespite this, things are looking confusing in the charts. Bitcoin is leading with substantial outflows, but ETH is countering the trend with a 5% price increase, for now, today. ETH is once more doing the opposite of the market trend. This change from inflows to outflows could mean there's a market correction on the way. Investors are going to take profits after a long run of accumulated gains, 19 weeks is a long time. Or maybe they're repositioning their investments.\n\nBitcoin remains the market leader, BTC dominance is currently at 60%. It went up 5% over the past month and 12% over the past year. Overall, ETH is still having a hard time with all this volatility, but I believe it will see positive price movements soon when investors start diversifying.\n\nData source: https://coinshares.com","first":1739808306290,"html":"\u003cp>There was a sudden turnaround with a total outflow of $415 million after 19 weeks of inflows into digital asset investment products. This abrupt change was apparently caused as a result of macroeconomic factors, like Fed Chair Powell's hostile monetary policy stance that predicted a tighter financial environment. This would be bad for risk assets like crypto. Inflation numbers were also higher than expected, probably pushing back against anticipated rate cuts.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003cp>Despite this, things are looking confusing in the charts. Bitcoin is leading with substantial outflows, but ETH is countering the trend with a 5% price increase, for now, today. ETH is once more doing the opposite of the market trend. This change from inflows to outflows could mean there's a market correction on the way. Investors are going to take profits after a long run of accumulated gains, 19 weeks is a long time. Or maybe they're repositioning their investments.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003cp>Bitcoin remains the market leader, BTC dominance is currently at 60%. It went up 5% over the past month and 12% over the past year. Overall, ETH is still having a hard time with all this volatility, but I believe it will see positive price movements soon when investors start diversifying.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003cp>Data source: \u003ca href=\"https://coinshares.com\">https://coinshares.com\u003c/a>\u003c/p>","source":"reddit.com","time":1739805807000,"timely":true,"updates":17,"url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/ethtrader/comments/1irmaab/after_19_weeks_of_inflows_crypto_sees_415m_in/","nReplies":41,"origin":"in 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I don't get it why you buy Trump and Melanie Meme coins. It is just Rug and pull.\n\nYou will lose everytime a lot money there. Again a rugg and pull in Trump coin. Furthermore World Liberty (Trumps investement fond) even didn't invest in it. Don't get it why you people invest.\n\nIf you want to invest, invest in good Projects and established ones just money which you don't need in the next years.\n\nETH, XRP, MOVE, SOL and so on! Afterwards forget about the money and HODL and look into it in a few years. If you try to invest in short term gains, you will gamble and lose money. ","first":1739812015041,"html":"\u003cp>Guys I don't get it why you buy Trump and Melanie Meme coins. It is just Rug and pull.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003cp>You will lose everytime a lot money there. Again a rugg and pull in Trump coin. Furthermore World Liberty (Trumps investement fond) even didn't invest in it. Don't get it why you people invest.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003cp>If you want to invest, invest in good Projects and established ones just money which you don't need in the next years.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003cp>ETH, XRP, MOVE, SOL and so on! Afterwards forget about the money and HODL and look into it in a few years. If you try to invest in short term gains, you will gamble and lose money. \u003c/p>","source":"reddit.com","time":1739808556000,"timely":true,"updates":16,"url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/CryptoMarkets/comments/1irnd6t/stop_buying_trump_and_melania_meme_coins/","nReplies":162,"origin":"in r/CryptoMarkets","type":"rpost","__at":"2025-02-18T09:04:45.888Z","boosted":false,"safeId":"t3_1irnd6t","icon":"reddit"},"t3_1irz97b":{"original":{"subreddit_name_prefixed":"r/CryptoMarkets","pwls":6,"downs":0,"upvote_ratio":0.69,"is_original_content":false,"author_fullname":"t2_138vdw2698","score":62,"is_created_from_ads_ui":false,"is_self":true,"wls":6,"domain":"self.CryptoMarkets","allow_live_comments":false,"all_awardings":[],"awarders":[],"treatment_tags":[],"author_is_blocked":false,"is_robot_indexable":true,"num_duplicates":0,"num_comments":320,"send_replies":true,"subreddit_subscribers":1796884},"title":"Am I cooked? I bought 150k of solana at 248 and it's went down ever 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l bought 150k worth of SOL 2 weeks ago at 248$ and as soon as I bought it started crashing (just my luck) am I cooked? Do I sell and take my losses or hold! What are your guys opinions on my current situation and the current crypto market situation","first":1739840814324,"html":"\u003cp>So l bought 150k worth of SOL 2 weeks ago at 248$ and as soon as I bought it started crashing (just my luck) am I cooked? Do I sell and take my losses or hold! What are your guys opinions on my current situation and the current crypto market situation\u003c/p>","source":"reddit.com","time":1739837601000,"timely":true,"updates":8,"url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/CryptoMarkets/comments/1irz97b/am_i_cooked_i_bought_150k_of_solana_at_248_and/","nReplies":239,"origin":"in r/CryptoMarkets","type":"rpost","__at":"2025-02-18T09:04:45.888Z","boosted":false,"safeId":"t3_1irz97b","icon":"reddit"},"t3_1is2n28":{"original":{"subreddit_name_prefixed":"r/ethereum","pwls":6,"downs":0,"upvote_ratio":0.83,"is_original_content":false,"author_fullname":"t2_1fzlfxjpt1","score":50,"is_created_from_ads_ui":false,"is_self":true,"wls":6,"domain":"self.ethereum","allow_live_comments":false,"suggested_sort":"top","all_awardings":[],"awarders":[],"treatment_tags":[],"author_is_blocked":false,"is_robot_indexable":true,"num_duplicates":1,"num_comments":32,"send_replies":true,"subreddit_subscribers":3644374,"num_crossposts":1},"title":"I just tried to open a bank account on a foreign country and realized how good we have it in Ethereum","author":"BackgroundAttempt718","replies":["t1_mdd7q48","t1_mdd8mmw","t1_mddge3n","t1_mddfr4o","t1_mddccz6","t1_mddd7e6","t1_mdda86f","t1_mddjhb3","t1_mddknfw","t1_mddqath","t1_mddn869","t1_mddovu1","t1_mddqgvk","t1_mddl6tn","t1_mddxwrr","t1_mddsoeo","t1_mddxcp6","t1_mddsbfo","t1_mddspf1","t1_mddslul","t1_mddtey2","t1_mddv67o","t1_mddt7mz","t1_mddsz2u","t1_mddtimb","t1_mdduxrw","t1_mddz6pi","t1_mde0q9q","t1_mdea8xs","t1_mde6hlg","t1_mdeact9"],"directReplies":["t1_mdd7q48","t1_mdd8mmw","t1_mddccz6","t1_mddfr4o","t1_mddn869","t1_mddtimb","t1_mdduxrw","t1_mddz6pi","t1_mde0q9q"],"upvotes":50,"indicators":[],"topics":[{"topic":"all","activity":133,"score":409,"relativeScore":1},{"topic":"crypto","activity":93,"score":285,"relativeScore":1},{"topic":"eth","activity":92,"score":282,"relativeScore":0.99}],"context":{"all":{"topic":"all","activity":133,"score":409,"relativeScore":1},"crypto":{"topic":"crypto","activity":93,"score":285,"relativeScore":1},"eth":{"topic":"eth","activity":92,"score":282,"relativeScore":0.99}},"gotReplies":false,"pinned":{},"editorializers":{},"parents":[],"referrals":[],"_id":"t3_1is2n28","added":"2025-02-18T08:09:31.215Z","content":"I'm in a new country, trying to open a bank account so I can buy some assets and live here. Let me tell ya, it was quite a challenge:\n\n* They asked me for the official local document, which takes months and thousands of dollars to get\n* Then they asked me to proof the source of my income with extensive receipts so they can be sure I'm not a financial terrorist (I'm not)\n* Then they put some strict limits to only use at most 1000 dollars a month until they get comfortable with me, who knows when they raise those limits\n* Any time I make a significant transfer of 5k or more they give me a call and question me as if I don't know what I'm doing with my own money, treating me like a grown baby\n\nCompare that to Ethereum where all I gotta do is get a wallet with Ether inside and I can use it without anyone questioning me and treating me as a dangerous individual.\n\nIt's night and day. You can never go back to the traditional financial systems after you experience crypto, they are constantly watching you and reporting you to 3 letter agencies for any bit of suspicious activity in your own bank account. Plus it's extremely easy to get your bank account banned, ask the millions of revolut users that didn't get their money back.\n\nLet's appreciate how good we have it and continue to make it more accessible for people to convert their crypto to fiat for local use and viceversa. ","first":1739847901343,"html":"\u003cp>I'm in a new country, trying to open a bank account so I can buy some assets and live here. Let me tell ya, it was quite a challenge:\u003c/p>\n\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>They asked me for the official local document, which takes months and thousands of dollars to get\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Then they asked me to proof the source of my income with extensive receipts so they can be sure I'm not a financial terrorist (I'm not)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Then they put some strict limits to only use at most 1000 dollars a month until they get comfortable with me, who knows when they raise those limits\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Any time I make a significant transfer of 5k or more they give me a call and question me as if I don't know what I'm doing with my own money, treating me like a grown baby\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003cp>Compare that to Ethereum where all I gotta do is get a wallet with Ether inside and I can use it without anyone questioning me and treating me as a dangerous individual.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003cp>It's night and day. You can never go back to the traditional financial systems after you experience crypto, they are constantly watching you and reporting you to 3 letter agencies for any bit of suspicious activity in your own bank account. Plus it's extremely easy to get your bank account banned, ask the millions of revolut users that didn't get their money back.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003cp>Let's appreciate how good we have it and continue to make it more accessible for people to convert their crypto to fiat for local use and viceversa. \u003c/p>","source":"reddit.com","time":1739847498000,"timely":true,"updates":6,"url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/ethereum/comments/1is2n28/i_just_tried_to_open_a_bank_account_on_a_foreign/","nReplies":29,"origin":"in r/ethereum","type":"rpost","__at":"2025-02-18T09:04:45.888Z","boosted":false,"safeId":"t3_1is2n28","icon":"reddit"},"t3_1is6u0b":{"original":{"subreddit_name_prefixed":"r/ethereum","pwls":6,"downs":0,"hide_score":true,"upvote_ratio":1,"is_original_content":false,"author_fullname":"t2_1dqv5mfp0j","score":26,"is_created_from_ads_ui":false,"post_hint":"self","is_self":true,"wls":6,"domain":"self.ethereum","allow_live_comments":false,"suggested_sort":"new","preview":{"images":[{"source":{"url":"https://external-preview.redd.it/VROpbP5HvkVnZibP39Xbt4pm0tLv1nVMjiYp-UDH2eM.jpg?auto=webp&s=827e9929dc37bc7f1cfa037b6b6c8075d699fefa","width":1280,"height":720},"resolutions":[{"url":"https://external-preview.redd.it/VROpbP5HvkVnZibP39Xbt4pm0tLv1nVMjiYp-UDH2eM.jpg?width=108&crop=smart&auto=webp&s=93d7dc29c791658ace74d64d2725db5c04bc0ed0","width":108,"height":60},{"url":"https://external-preview.redd.it/VROpbP5HvkVnZibP39Xbt4pm0tLv1nVMjiYp-UDH2eM.jpg?width=216&crop=smart&auto=webp&s=0dfc635faf04dd06e97f3666b8bc96460117cf4d","width":216,"height":121},{"url":"https://external-preview.redd.it/VROpbP5HvkVnZibP39Xbt4pm0tLv1nVMjiYp-UDH2eM.jpg?width=320&crop=smart&auto=webp&s=4e6bf31cb33c0b060539ae140e9fbaa9eed29af9","width":320,"height":180},{"url":"https://external-preview.redd.it/VROpbP5HvkVnZibP39Xbt4pm0tLv1nVMjiYp-UDH2eM.jpg?width=640&crop=smart&auto=webp&s=287efb8463ec2452ae70ce7964ae91871f9bea30","width":640,"height":360},{"url":"https://external-preview.redd.it/VROpbP5HvkVnZibP39Xbt4pm0tLv1nVMjiYp-UDH2eM.jpg?width=960&crop=smart&auto=webp&s=156ad81241a928fcdc9d45a63eeaede721c5e4dc","width":960,"height":540},{"url":"https://external-preview.redd.it/VROpbP5HvkVnZibP39Xbt4pm0tLv1nVMjiYp-UDH2eM.jpg?width=1080&crop=smart&auto=webp&s=410d7d38236a8746d9933a8d0e4aff187dfd30d9","width":1080,"height":607}],"id":"-K_FUcPyoGiM4epghPf76zV7rBpNMnamniD1g03C32g"}],"enabled":false},"all_awardings":[],"awarders":[],"treatment_tags":[],"author_is_blocked":false,"is_robot_indexable":true,"num_duplicates":0,"num_comments":23,"send_replies":true,"stickied":true,"subreddit_subscribers":3644374,"content":"**Welcome to the Ethereum Daily General Discussion on** r/ethereum \n\n[https://imgur.com/3y7vezP](https://imgur.com/3y7vezP)\n\nBookmarking this link will always bring you to the current daily: [https://old.reddit.com/r/ethereum/about/sticky/?num=2](https://old.reddit.com/r/ethereum/about/sticky/?num=2) \n\nPlease use this thread to discuss Ethereum topics, news, events, and even *price*!\n\nPrice discussion posted elsewhere in the subreddit will **continue to be removed.**\n\nAs always, be constructive. - [Subreddit Rules](https://www.reddit.com/r/ethereum/about/rules/)\n\nWant to stake? Learn more at r/ethstaker\n\n**EthFinance Ethereum Community Links**\n\n* [Ethereum Jobs](https://ethereum.org/en/community/get-involved/#ethereum-jobs), [Twitter](https://x.com/ethereum)\n* [EVMavericks YouTube](https://www.youtube.com/@evmavericks), [Discord](https://discord.gg/evmavericks), [Doots Podcast](https://evmavericks.libsyn.com/)\n* [Doots Website](https://dailydoots.com/), Old Reddit [Doots Extension](https://github.com/etheralpha/ethfinance-extension) by u/hanniabu\n\nCalendar:\n\n* Feb 23 - Mar 2 – [ETHDenver](https://www.ethdenver.com/)\n* Mar 28-30 – [ETH Pondy](https://www.ethpondy.xyz/) (Puducherry) hackathon\n* Apr 1-3 EY Global Blockchain Summit (in person + virtual)","html":"\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Welcome to the Ethereum Daily General Discussion on\u003c/strong> \u003ca href=\"/r/ethereum\">r/ethereum\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://imgur.com/3y7vezP\">https://imgur.com/3y7vezP\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003cp>Bookmarking this link will always bring you to the current daily: \u003ca href=\"https://old.reddit.com/r/ethereum/about/sticky/?num=2\">https://old.reddit.com/r/ethereum/about/sticky/?num=2\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003cp>Please use this thread to discuss Ethereum topics, news, events, and even \u003cem>price\u003c/em>!\u003c/p>\n\n\u003cp>Price discussion posted elsewhere in the subreddit will \u003cstrong>continue to be removed.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003cp>As always, be constructive. - \u003ca href=\"https://www.reddit.com/r/ethereum/about/rules/\">Subreddit Rules\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003cp>Want to stake? Learn more at \u003ca href=\"/r/ethstaker\">r/ethstaker\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>EthFinance Ethereum Community Links\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ethereum.org/en/community/get-involved/#ethereum-jobs\">Ethereum Jobs\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://x.com/ethereum\">Twitter\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/@evmavericks\">EVMavericks YouTube\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://discord.gg/evmavericks\">Discord\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://evmavericks.libsyn.com/\">Doots Podcast\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://dailydoots.com/\">Doots Website\u003c/a>, Old Reddit \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/etheralpha/ethfinance-extension\">Doots Extension\u003c/a> by \u003ca href=\"/u/hanniabu\">u/hanniabu\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003cp>Calendar:\u003c/p>\n\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Feb 23 - Mar 2 – \u003ca href=\"https://www.ethdenver.com/\">ETHDenver\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Mar 28-30 – \u003ca href=\"https://www.ethpondy.xyz/\">ETH Pondy\u003c/a> (Puducherry) hackathon\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Apr 1-3 EY Global Blockchain Summit (in person + virtual)\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>"},"title":"Daily General Discussion - February 18, 2025","author":"EthereumDailyThread","replies":["t1_mde54ub","t1_mde8w3t","t1_mde8708","t1_mdeb9xl","t1_mde7vgt","t1_mde7m2f","t1_mde7i55","t1_mde8i45","t1_mde7jh7","t1_mde784t","t1_mde6pjk","t1_mde6j7z","t1_mde695x","t1_mde9f6w","t1_mde7zv4","t1_mde6y9t","t1_mde6w3x","t1_mde6f2v","t1_mde68dn","t1_mde5yg0","t1_mde5k2a","t1_mdeajoq"],"directReplies":["t1_mde54ub","t1_mde5k2a","t1_mde695x","t1_mde6j7z","t1_mde6pjk","t1_mde784t","t1_mde7i55","t1_mde7m2f","t1_mde7vgt","t1_mde8708","t1_mde8w3t"],"upvotes":26,"indicators":[],"topics":[{"topic":"all","activity":125,"score":821,"relativeScore":1},{"topic":"crypto","activity":59,"score":390,"relativeScore":1},{"topic":"eth","activity":52,"score":344,"relativeScore":0.88},{"topic":"btc","activity":5,"score":30,"relativeScore":0.08}],"context":{"all":{"topic":"all","activity":125,"score":821,"relativeScore":1},"crypto":{"topic":"crypto","activity":59,"score":390,"relativeScore":1},"eth":{"topic":"eth","activity":52,"score":344,"relativeScore":0.88},"btc":{"topic":"btc","activity":5,"score":30,"relativeScore":0.08}},"gotReplies":false,"pinned":{},"editorializers":{},"parents":[],"referrals":[],"_id":"t3_1is6u0b","added":"2025-02-18T08:09:30.427Z","first":1739862301056,"image":{"url":"https://external-preview.redd.it/VROpbP5HvkVnZibP39Xbt4pm0tLv1nVMjiYp-UDH2eM.jpg?auto=webp&s=827e9929dc37bc7f1cfa037b6b6c8075d699fefa","width":1280,"height":720,"_id":"67b43f2eb04d6017929904b3"},"source":"reddit.com","time":1739862086000,"timely":true,"updates":2,"url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/ethereum/comments/1is6u0b/daily_general_discussion_february_18_2025/","nReplies":22,"origin":"in r/ethereum","type":"rpost","isGeneralDiscussion":true,"__at":"2025-02-18T09:04:45.888Z","boosted":false,"safeId":"t3_1is6u0b","html":"","icon":"reddit"},"pwr_otd_20221114":{"original":{"tweetContent":["On 14 Nov 2021,\n- #Ethereum-based ConstitutionDAO is formed, aiming to buy rare print of US Constitution at @Sothebys\n- At $4626 and ₿0.07067, $ETH prepares for the next Ethereum killer Taproot.\n\neth-archive.xyz/2021-11-14/pinned/ZeroTricks","More Ethereum on November 14th:"],"quotedTweetUrl":"https://twitter.com/0xZeroTricks/status/1459959640075161609","parentEditorializers":["pwr_1573207148499","pwr_1625150900271","pwr_1573207254566","pwr_1573204543123","pwr_1625150968780","pwr_1573204695314","pwr_1605343500556","pwr_1649667902326","pwr_1605343659011","pwr_1573204968501"]},"title":"On 14 November in Ethereum's history...","author":"ZeroTricks","replies":[],"directReplies":[],"upvotes":0,"indicators":[{"time":1668180570022,"name":"totalUpvotes","value":0},{"time":1668416654237,"name":"totalUpvotes","value":0},{"time":1671907230286,"name":"totalUpvotes","value":0}],"topics":[{"topic":"all","activity":1,"score":1,"relativeScore":1},{"topic":"crypto","activity":1,"score":1,"relativeScore":1}],"context":{"all":{"topic":"all","activity":1,"score":1,"relativeScore":1},"crypto":{"topic":"crypto","activity":1,"score":1,"relativeScore":1}},"gotReplies":true,"pinned":{},"editorializers":{},"parents":[{"_id":"bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-11-14/ethereum-com-domain-name-can-be-yours-for-about-10-million","url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-11-14/ethereum-com-domain-name-can-be-yours-for-about-10-million","type":"reference"},{"_id":"blog.etherisc.com/etherisc-teams-up-with-chainlink-to-deliver-crop-insurance-in-kenya-137e433c29dc","url":"https://blog.etherisc.com/etherisc-teams-up-with-chainlink-to-deliver-crop-insurance-in-kenya-137e433c29dc","type":"reference"},{"_id":"forbes.com/30-under-30/2018/finance","url":"https://www.forbes.com/30-under-30/2018/finance","type":"reference"},{"_id":"coindesk.com/data","url":"https://www.coindesk.com/data","type":"reference"},{"_id":"etherscan.io/tx/0x46a03488247425f845e444b9c10b52ba3c14927c687d38287c0faddc7471150a","url":"https://etherscan.io/tx/0x46a03488247425f845e444b9c10b52ba3c14927c687d38287c0faddc7471150a","type":"reference"},{"_id":"cnbc.com/2018/11/13/this-chart-shows-how-cryptocurrency-mining-on-your-own-is-no-longer-profitable.html","url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2018/11/13/this-chart-shows-how-cryptocurrency-mining-on-your-own-is-no-longer-profitable.html","type":"reference"},{"_id":"fortune.com/2019/11/14/crypto-interest-startup-compound-decentralized-finance","url":"https://fortune.com/2019/11/14/crypto-interest-startup-compound-decentralized-finance","type":"reference"},{"_id":"theblockcrypto.com/post/124288/a-dao-is-trying-to-buy-a-rare-print-of-the-us-constitution","url":"https://www.theblockcrypto.com/post/124288/a-dao-is-trying-to-buy-a-rare-print-of-the-us-constitution","type":"reference"},{"_id":"consensys.net/blog/news/consensys-grants-wave-2-winners","url":"https://consensys.net/blog/news/consensys-grants-wave-2-winners","type":"reference"},{"_id":"t3_9x3tk8","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/ethereum/comments/9x3tk8/were_the_mycrypto_team_ama/","type":"reference"},{"_id":"pwr_eth_20161114","type":"reference"},{"_id":"pwr_eth_20171114","type":"reference"},{"_id":"pwr_eth_20181114","type":"reference"},{"_id":"pwr_eth_20191114","type":"reference"},{"_id":"pwr_eth_20201114","type":"reference"},{"_id":"pwr_eth_20211114","type":"reference"}],"referrals":[],"pending":false,"_id":"pwr_otd_20221114","added":"2022-12-24T18:40:30.286Z","content":"On this day...\n\nIn 2021:\n\n- Ethereum-based ConstitutionDAO [is formed](https://www.theblockcrypto.com/post/124288/a-dao-is-trying-to-buy-a-rare-print-of-the-us-constitution), aiming to buy a rare print of the US Constitution at Sothebys.\n- At $4626 and ₿0.07067, ETH prepares for the next Ethereum killer Taproot.\n\n\nIn 2020:\n\n- Etherisc and ACRE Africa [team up](https://blog.etherisc.com/etherisc-teams-up-with-chainlink-to-deliver-crop-insurance-in-kenya-137e433c29dc) and get support from Chainlink to deliver crop insurance in Kenya.\n- Someone [exploits](http://www.theblockcrypto.com/linked/84653/value-defi-exploit-dai-attack-protocol) an arbitrage opportunity on ValueDefi.io, netting $5 Million with a flashloan of 80,000 ETH.\n- ETH flashes them loans at $460 and ₿0.02864.\n\n\nIn 2019:\n\n- Compound Finance [raises](https://fortune.com/2019/11/14/crypto-interest-startup-compound-decentralized-finance) $25 Million from Andreessen Horowitz’s a16z crypto fund.\n- Consensys [announces](https://consensys.net/blog/news/consensys-grants-wave-2-winners) the Grants Wave 2 winners.\n- ETH is hiding in the morning mist at $186, or ₿0.02136.\n\n\nIn 2018:\n\n- CoinDesk [releases](https://www.coindesk.com/data) its Crypto-Economics Explorer, [concluding](https://twitter.com/econoar/status/1062748167949537285) there is more developer interest in Bitcoin than Ethereum.\n- [According to Susquehanna](https://www.cnbc.com/2018/11/13/this-chart-shows-how-cryptocurrency-mining-on-your-own-is-no-longer-profitable.html), GPU mining Ethereum is no longer profitable.\n- The MyCrypto team [holds](https://www.reddit.com/r/ethereum/comments/9x3tk8/were_the_mycrypto_team_ama/) an AMA.\n- ETH is not having any of it between from $207 to $181, or ₿0.03266 to ₿0.03172.\n\n\nIn 2017:\n\n- Ethereum.com [is listed for sale](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-11-14/ethereum-com-domain-name-can-be-yours-for-about-10-million) on Uniregistry for about $10 million, after eth.com sold for $2 million on October.\n- Buterin [gets listed](https://www.forbes.com/30-under-30/2018/finance) (again) in Forbes' 30 under 30 list for finance.\n- ETH, or \"How I learned to stop worrying and love the FUD\", for from $318 to $338, or ₿0.04818 to ₿0.0511.\n\n\nIn 2016:\n\n- ETH, you say? at $10, or ₿0.01416.\n\n-------------\n[^(compiled with love)](https://eth-archive.xyz/blog/on-this-day-in-ethereum-workflow/)","first":1668180289222,"html":"\u003ch3 class=\"my-3 my-md-4\">In 2021:\u003c/h3>\n \u003cdiv class=\"row\">\n \u003cdiv class=\"col-sm-12 col-md-4\">\n \u003ca href=\"https://eth-archive.xyz/2021-11-14/pinned/ZeroTricks\">\n \u003cimg\n src=\"https://eth-archive.xyz/2021-11-14/pinned/ZeroTricks.png?width=666&height=415&zoom=1.2\"\n class=\"onThisDayThumbnail\"\n >\n \u003c/a>\n \u003c/div>\n \u003cdiv class=\"col-sm-12 col-md-8\">\n \u003cul>\u003cli>Ethereum-based ConstitutionDAO \u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"https://www.theblockcrypto.com/post/124288/a-dao-is-trying-to-buy-a-rare-print-of-the-us-constitution\">is formed\u003c/a>, aiming to buy a rare print of the US Constitution at Sothebys.\u003c/li>\u003cli>At $4626 and ₿0.07067, ETH prepares for the next Ethereum killer Taproot.\u003c/li>\u003c/ul>\n \u003c/div>\n \u003c/div>\u003ch3 class=\"my-3 my-md-4\">In 2020:\u003c/h3>\n \u003cdiv class=\"row\">\n \u003cdiv class=\"col-sm-12 col-md-4\">\n \u003ca href=\"https://eth-archive.xyz/2020-11-14/pinned/ZeroTricks\">\n \u003cimg\n src=\"https://eth-archive.xyz/2020-11-14/pinned/ZeroTricks.png?width=666&height=415&zoom=1.2\"\n class=\"onThisDayThumbnail\"\n >\n \u003c/a>\n \u003c/div>\n \u003cdiv class=\"col-sm-12 col-md-8\">\n \u003cul>\u003cli>Etherisc and ACRE Africa \u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"https://blog.etherisc.com/etherisc-teams-up-with-chainlink-to-deliver-crop-insurance-in-kenya-137e433c29dc\">team up\u003c/a> and get support from Chainlink to deliver crop insurance in Kenya.\u003c/li>\u003cli>Someone \u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"http://www.theblockcrypto.com/linked/84653/value-defi-exploit-dai-attack-protocol\">exploits\u003c/a> an arbitrage opportunity on ValueDefi.io, netting $5 Million with a flashloan of 80,000 ETH.\u003c/li>\u003cli>ETH flashes them loans at $460 and ₿0.02864.\u003c/li>\u003c/ul>\n \u003c/div>\n \u003c/div>\u003ch3 class=\"my-3 my-md-4\">In 2019:\u003c/h3>\n \u003cdiv class=\"row\">\n \u003cdiv class=\"col-sm-12 col-md-4\">\n \u003ca href=\"https://eth-archive.xyz/2019-11-14/pinned/ZeroTricks\">\n \u003cimg\n src=\"https://eth-archive.xyz/2019-11-14/pinned/ZeroTricks.png?width=666&height=415&zoom=1.2\"\n class=\"onThisDayThumbnail\"\n >\n \u003c/a>\n \u003c/div>\n \u003cdiv class=\"col-sm-12 col-md-8\">\n \u003cul>\u003cli>Compound Finance \u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"https://fortune.com/2019/11/14/crypto-interest-startup-compound-decentralized-finance\">raises\u003c/a> $25 Million from Andreessen Horowitz’s a16z crypto fund.\u003c/li>\u003cli>Consensys \u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"https://consensys.net/blog/news/consensys-grants-wave-2-winners\">announces\u003c/a> the Grants Wave 2 winners.\u003c/li>\u003cli>ETH is hiding in the morning mist at $186, or ₿0.02136.\u003c/li>\u003c/ul>\n \u003c/div>\n \u003c/div>\u003ch3 class=\"my-3 my-md-4\">In 2018:\u003c/h3>\n \u003cdiv class=\"row\">\n \u003cdiv class=\"col-sm-12 col-md-4\">\n \u003ca href=\"https://eth-archive.xyz/2018-11-14/pinned/ZeroTricks\">\n \u003cimg\n src=\"https://eth-archive.xyz/2018-11-14/pinned/ZeroTricks.png?width=666&height=415&zoom=1.2\"\n class=\"onThisDayThumbnail\"\n >\n \u003c/a>\n \u003c/div>\n \u003cdiv class=\"col-sm-12 col-md-8\">\n \u003cul>\u003cli>CoinDesk \u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"https://www.coindesk.com/data\">releases\u003c/a> its Crypto-Economics Explorer, \u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"https://twitter.com/econoar/status/1062748167949537285\">concluding\u003c/a> there is more developer interest in Bitcoin than Ethereum.\u003c/li>\u003cli>\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"https://www.cnbc.com/2018/11/13/this-chart-shows-how-cryptocurrency-mining-on-your-own-is-no-longer-profitable.html\">According to Susquehanna\u003c/a>, GPU mining Ethereum is no longer profitable.\u003c/li>\u003cli>The MyCrypto team \u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"https://www.reddit.com/r/ethereum/comments/9x3tk8/were_the_mycrypto_team_ama/\">holds\u003c/a> an AMA.\u003c/li>\u003cli>ETH is not having any of it between from $207 to $181, or ₿0.03266 to ₿0.03172.\u003c/li>\u003c/ul>\n \u003c/div>\n \u003c/div>\u003ch3 class=\"my-3 my-md-4\">In 2017:\u003c/h3>\n \u003cdiv class=\"row\">\n \u003cdiv class=\"col-sm-12 col-md-4\">\n \u003ca href=\"https://eth-archive.xyz/2017-11-14/pinned/ZeroTricks\">\n \u003cimg\n src=\"https://eth-archive.xyz/2017-11-14/pinned/ZeroTricks.png?width=666&height=415&zoom=1.2\"\n class=\"onThisDayThumbnail\"\n >\n \u003c/a>\n \u003c/div>\n \u003cdiv class=\"col-sm-12 col-md-8\">\n \u003cul>\u003cli>Ethereum.com \u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-11-14/ethereum-com-domain-name-can-be-yours-for-about-10-million\">is listed for sale\u003c/a> on Uniregistry for about $10 million, after eth.com sold for $2 million on October.\u003c/li>\u003cli>Buterin \u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"https://www.forbes.com/30-under-30/2018/finance\">gets listed\u003c/a> (again) in Forbes' 30 under 30 list for finance.\u003c/li>\u003cli>ETH, or \"How I learned to stop worrying and love the FUD\", for from $318 to $338, or ₿0.04818 to ₿0.0511.\u003c/li>\u003c/ul>\n \u003c/div>\n \u003c/div>\u003ch3 class=\"my-3 my-md-4\">In 2016:\u003c/h3>\n \u003cdiv class=\"row\">\n \u003cdiv class=\"col-sm-12 col-md-4\">\n \u003ca href=\"https://eth-archive.xyz/2016-11-14/pinned/ZeroTricks\">\n \u003cimg\n src=\"https://eth-archive.xyz/2016-11-14/pinned/ZeroTricks.png?width=666&height=415&zoom=1.2\"\n class=\"onThisDayNoNewsThumbnail\"\n >\n \u003c/a>\n \u003c/div>\n \u003cdiv class=\"col-sm-12 col-md-8\">\n \u003cul>\u003cli>ETH, you say? at $10, or ₿0.01416.\u003c/li>\u003c/ul>\n \u003c/div>\n \u003c/div>\u003cdiv class=\"row\">\n \u003cp style=\"text-align:right\">\n \u003ca\n href=\"https://eth-archive.xyz/blog/on-this-day-in-ethereum-workflow/\"\n class=\"btn btn-link\"\n >List created by ZeroTricks\n \u003c/a> \n \u003ca\n href=\"https://eth-archive.xyz/2022-11-14/onthisday\"\n class=\"btn btn-link\"\n >Permalink\u003c/a> \n\n \u003c/p>\n \u003c/div>","source":"pwr.news","time":1668470399000,"timely":true,"updates":1,"nReplies":0,"__at":"2025-02-18T08:19:37.387Z","boosted":false,"safeId":"pwr_otd_20221114","origin":"pwr.news"},"blog.ethereum.org/2016/12/15/swarm-alpha-public-pilot-basics-swarm":{"original":{"headers":{"accept-ranges":["bytes"],"access-control-allow-origin":["https://matomo.ethereum.org"],"age":["0"],"cache-control":["public, max-age=0, must-revalidate"],"content-encoding":["gzip"],"content-type":["text/html; charset=UTF-8"],"date":["Thu, 30 Mar 2023 18:46:28 GMT"],"etag":["\"a8071c95b29ab5054da355bfd54e363e-ssl-df\""],"server":["Netlify"],"strict-transport-security":["max-age=31536000"],"vary":["X-Bb-Conditions,Accept-Encoding"],"x-nf-request-id":["01GWSXFE9ZK9AQYC332321JHCT"],"connection":["close"],"transfer-encoding":["chunked"]},"data":"\u003c!DOCTYPE html>\u003chtml lang=\"en\">\u003chead>\u003cmeta charSet=\"utf-8\"/>\u003cmeta name=\"viewport\" content=\"width=device-width, initial-scale=1\"/>\u003clink rel=\"icon\" type=\"image/x-icon\" href=\"/images/favicon.png\"/>\u003ctitle>Swarm alpha public pilot and the basics of Swarm | Ethereum Foundation Blog\u003c/title>\u003cmeta name=\"title\" content=\"Swarm alpha public pilot and the basics of Swarm | Ethereum Foundation Blog\"/>\u003cmeta name=\"description\" content=\"\"/>\u003cmeta name=\"application-name\" content=\"Ethereum Foundation Blog\"/>\u003cmeta name=\"image\" 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class=\"css-jdl4dk\">\u003ca class=\"chakra-link css-13jvj27\" href=\"/category/research-and-development\">\u003cdiv class=\"css-0\">\u003cstyle data-emotion=\"css qfpdmv\">.css-qfpdmv{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-sm);color:var(--chakra-colors-white);background:#8a5199;padding-top:5px;padding-bottom:5px;-webkit-padding-start:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-start:var(--chakra-space-4);-webkit-padding-end:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-end:var(--chakra-space-4);height:30px;}.css-qfpdmv:hover,.css-qfpdmv[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;-webkit-transition:none;transition:none;box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-none);}\u003c/style>\u003cp class=\"chakra-text css-qfpdmv\" id=\"category\">Research & Development\u003c/p>\u003c/div>\u003c/a>\u003c/div>\u003cstyle data-emotion=\"css rszk63\">.css-rszk63{margin-bottom:var(--chakra-space-4);}\u003c/style>\u003cdiv class=\"css-rszk63\">\u003cdiv class=\"css-0\">\u003cspan style=\"box-sizing:border-box;display:inline-block;overflow:hidden;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0;position:relative;max-width:100%\">\u003cspan style=\"box-sizing:border-box;display:block;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100%\">\u003cimg style=\"display:block;max-width:100%;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0\" alt=\"\" aria-hidden=\"true\" src=\"data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg%20xmlns=%27http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%27%20version=%271.1%27%20width=%271064%27%20height=%27456%27/%3e\"/>\u003c/span>\u003cimg alt=\"Swarm alpha public pilot and the basics of Swarm\" srcSet=\"/_next/image?url=%2Fimages%2Feth-org.jpeg&w=1080&q=75 1x, /_next/image?url=%2Fimages%2Feth-org.jpeg&w=3840&q=75 2x\" src=\"/_next/image?url=%2Fimages%2Feth-org.jpeg&w=3840&q=75\" decoding=\"async\" data-nimg=\"intrinsic\" style=\"position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;border:none;margin:auto;display:block;width:0;height:0;min-width:100%;max-width:100%;min-height:100%;max-height:100%\"/>\u003c/span>\u003c/div>\u003c/div>\u003cstyle data-emotion=\"css 6i8n52\">.css-6i8n52{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;margin-bottom:var(--chakra-space-10);}.css-6i8n52>*:not(style)~*:not(style){margin-top:0.5rem;-webkit-margin-end:0px;margin-inline-end:0px;margin-bottom:0px;-webkit-margin-start:0px;margin-inline-start:0px;}\u003c/style>\u003cdiv class=\"chakra-stack css-6i8n52\">\u003cstyle data-emotion=\"css 1kd73y8\">.css-1kd73y8{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;margin-bottom:calc(var(--chakra-space-2) * -1);-webkit-padding-start:var(--chakra-space-5);padding-inline-start:var(--chakra-space-5);-webkit-padding-end:var(--chakra-space-5);padding-inline-end:var(--chakra-space-5);padding-top:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-bottom:var(--chakra-space-6);background:var(--chakra-colors-bg-post);position:relative;border:var(--chakra-borders-1px);border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-100);}.css-1kd73y8>*:not(style)~*:not(style){margin-top:0.5rem;-webkit-margin-end:0px;margin-inline-end:0px;margin-bottom:0px;-webkit-margin-start:0px;margin-inline-start:0px;}@media screen and (min-width: 768px){.css-1kd73y8{-webkit-padding-start:var(--chakra-space-10);padding-inline-start:var(--chakra-space-10);-webkit-padding-end:var(--chakra-space-10);padding-inline-end:var(--chakra-space-10);padding-top:var(--chakra-space-10);padding-bottom:var(--chakra-space-10);}}\u003c/style>\u003cdiv class=\"chakra-stack css-1kd73y8\">\u003carticle>\u003cstyle data-emotion=\"css gi02ar\">.css-gi02ar{margin-top:var(--chakra-space-7);margin-bottom:var(--chakra-space-7);line-height:1.5;}.css-gi02ar:first-of-type{margin-bottom:var(--chakra-space-7);}\u003c/style>\u003cp class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">With the long awaited \u003c!-- -->\u003cstyle data-emotion=\"css ug8vf0\">.css-ug8vf0{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--chakra-colors-fg-link);font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);display:inline;}.css-ug8vf0:hover,.css-ug8vf0[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;box-shadow:inset 0 -8px 0 rgba(165, 234, 245, 0.5);}.css-ug8vf0:focus-visible,.css-ug8vf0[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}\u003c/style>\u003ca class=\"chakra-link css-ug8vf0\" href=\"/2016/11/17/whoa-geth-1-5\">geth 1.5 ("let there bee light") release\u003c!-- -->\u003c/a>, Swarm made it into the official go-ethereum release as an experimental feature. The \u003c!-- -->\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"chakra-link css-ug8vf0\" href=\"https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/releases/tag/v1.5.5\">current version of the code\u003c!-- -->\u003c/a> is POC 0.2 RC5 -- "embrace your daemons" (\u003c!-- -->\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"chakra-link css-ug8vf0\" href=\"https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/projects/6\">roadmap\u003c!-- -->\u003c/a>), which is the refactored and cleaner version of the codebase that was running on the Swarm toynet in the past months.\u003c!-- -->\u003c/p>\n\u003c!-- -->\u003cp class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">The current release ships with the \u003c!-- -->\u003cstyle data-emotion=\"css ons8vw\">.css-ons8vw{padding:0.125em 0.25em;color:var(--chakra-colors-fg-code);background:var(--chakra-colors-bg-code);border-radius:0.25em;font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-code);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-sm);overflow-y:scroll;}\u003c/style>\u003cspan class=\"chakra-text css-ons8vw\">swarm\u003c/span>command that launches \u003c!-- -->\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"chakra-link css-ug8vf0\" href=\"https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/tree/master/cmd/swarm\">a standalone Swarm daemon\u003c!-- -->\u003c/a> as separate process using your favourite IPC-compliant ethereum client if needed. Bandwidth accounting (using the Swarm Accounting Protocol = SWAP) is responsible for smooth operation and speedy content delivery by incentivising nodes to contribute their bandwidth and relay data. The SWAP system is functional but it is switched off by default. Storage incentives (punitive insurance) to protect availability of rarely-accessed content is planned to be operational in \u003c!-- -->\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"chakra-link css-ug8vf0\" href=\"https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/projects/6\">POC 0.4\u003c!-- -->\u003c/a>. So currently by default, the client uses the blockchain only for domain name resolution.\u003c!-- -->\u003c/p>\n\u003c!-- -->\u003cp class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">With this blog post we are happy to announce the launch of our shiny new Swarm testnet connected to the Ropsten ethereum testchain. The Ethereum Foundation is contributing a 35-strong (will be up to 105) Swarm cluster running on the Azure cloud. It is hosting \u003c!-- -->\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"chakra-link css-ug8vf0\" href=\"http://swarm-gateways.net/bzz:/1b5d887cea699d18560ae6dcaf06676f5064f630978b8031d9beb6fbddd82a82\">the Swarm homepage\u003c!-- -->\u003c/a>.\u003c!-- -->\u003c/p>\n\u003c!-- -->\u003cp class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">We consider this testnet as the first public pilot, and the community is welcome to join the network, contribute resources, and help us find issues, identify painpoints and give feedback on useability. Instructions can be found in the \u003c!-- -->\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"chakra-link css-ug8vf0\" href=\"https://swarm-guide.readthedocs.io\">Swarm guide\u003c!-- -->\u003c/a>. We encourage those who can afford to run persistent nodes (nodes that stay online) to \u003c!-- -->\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"chakra-link css-ug8vf0\" href=\"https://gitter.im/ethereum/swarm\">get in touch\u003c!-- -->\u003c/a>. We have already received promises for 100TB deployments.\u003c!-- -->\u003c/p>\n\u003c!-- -->\u003cp class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">Note that the testnet offers no guarantees! Data may be lost or become unavailable. Indeed guarantees of persistence cannot be made at least until the storage insurance incentive layer is implemented (scheduled for \u003c!-- -->\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"chakra-link css-ug8vf0\" href=\"https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/projects/6\">POC 0.4\u003c!-- -->\u003c/a>).\u003c!-- -->\u003c/p>\n\u003c!-- -->\u003cp class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">We envision shaping this project with more and more community involvement, so we are inviting those interested to join our \u003c!-- -->\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"chakra-link css-ug8vf0\" href=\"https://gitter.im/ethereum/swarm\">public discussion rooms on gitter\u003c!-- -->\u003c/a>. We would like to lay the groundwork for this dialogue with a series of blog posts about the technology and ideology behind Swarm in particular and about Web3 in general. The first post in this series will introduce the ingredients and operation of Swarm as currently functional.\u003c!-- -->\u003c/p>\n\u003c!-- -->\u003cstyle data-emotion=\"css 1w54o5f\">.css-1w54o5f{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-3xl);line-height:1.33;margin-top:var(--chakra-space-12);margin-bottom:var(--chakra-space-4);text-align:start;}@media screen and (min-width: 360px){.css-1w54o5f{line-height:1.2;}}@media screen and (min-width: 768px){.css-1w54o5f{font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-4xl);margin-top:var(--chakra-space-1);margin-bottom:var(--chakra-space-7);}}\u003c/style>\u003ch2 class=\"chakra-heading css-1w54o5f\" id=\"what-is-swarm-after-all\">What is Swarm after all?\u003c!-- -->\u003c/h2>\n\u003c!-- -->\u003cp class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">Swarm is a distributed storage platform and content distribution service; a native base layer service of the ethereum Web3 stack. The objective is a peer-to-peer storage and serving solution that has zero downtime, is DDOS-resistant, fault-tolerant and censorship-resistant as well as self-sustaining due to a built-in incentive system. The incentive layer uses peer-to-peer accounting for bandwidth, deposit-based storage incentives and allows trading resources for payment. Swarm is designed to deeply integrate with the devp2p multiprotocol network layer of Ethereum as well as with the Ethereum blockchain for domain name resolution, service payments and content availability insurance. Nodes on the current testnet use the Ropsten testchain for domain name resolution only, with incentivisation switched off. The primary objective of Swarm is to provide decentralised and redundant storage of Ethereum's public record, in particular storing and distributing dapp code and data as well as blockchain data.\u003c!-- -->\u003c/p>\n\u003c!-- -->\u003cp class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">There are two major features that set Swarm apart from other decentralised distributed storage solutions. While existing services (Bittorrent, Zeronet, IPFS) allow you to register and share the content you host on your server, Swarm provides the hosting itself as a decentralised cloud storage service. There is a genuine sense that you can just 'upload and disappear': you upload your content to the swarm and retrieve it later, all potentially without a hard disk. Swarm aspires to be the generic storage and delivery service that, when ready, caters to use-cases ranging from serving low-latency real-time interactive web applications to acting as guaranteed persistent storage for rarely used content.\u003c!-- -->\u003c/p>\n\u003c!-- -->\u003cp class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">The other major feature is the incentive system. The beauty of decentralised consensus of computation and state is that it allows programmable rulesets for communities, networks, and decentralised services that solve their coordination problems by implementing transparent self-enforcing incentives. Such incentive systems model individual participants as agents following their rational self-interest, yet the network's emergent behaviour is massively more beneficial to the participants than without coordination.\u003c!-- -->\u003c/p>\n\u003c!-- -->\u003cp class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">Not long after Vitalik's whitepaper the Ethereum dev core realised that a generalised blockchain is a crucial missing piece of the puzzle needed, alongside existing peer-to-peer technologies, to run a fully decentralised internet. The idea of having separate protocols (shh for Whisper, bzz for Swarm, eth for the blockchain) was introduced in May 2014 by Gavin and Vitalik who imagined the Ethereum ecosystem within the grand crypto 2.0 vision of \u003c!-- -->\u003cem class=\"chakra-text css-0\">the third web\u003c!-- -->\u003c/em>. The Swarm project is a prime example of a system where incentivisation will allow participants to efficiently pool their storage and bandwidth resources in order to provide global content services to all participants. We could say that the smart contracts of the incentives implement the \u003c!-- -->\u003cem class=\"chakra-text css-0\">hive mind of the swarm\u003c!-- -->\u003c/em>.\u003c!-- -->\u003c/p>\n\u003c!-- -->\u003cp class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">A thorough synthesis of our research into these issues led to the publication of the first two \u003c!-- -->\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"chakra-link css-ug8vf0\" href=\"http://swarm-gateways.net/bzz:/theswarm.test/orange-papers/1/sw%5E3.pdf\">orange papers\u003c!-- -->\u003c/a>. Incentives are also explained in \u003c!-- -->\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"chakra-link css-ug8vf0\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RF8L6V_E-MM\">the devcon2 talk about the Swarm incentive system\u003c!-- -->\u003c/a>. More details to come in future posts.\u003c!-- -->\u003c/p>\n\u003c!-- -->\u003ch2 class=\"chakra-heading css-1w54o5f\" id=\"how-does-swarm-work\">How does Swarm work?\u003c!-- -->\u003c/h2>\n\u003c!-- -->\u003cp class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">Swarm is a network, a service and a protocol (rules). A Swarm network is a network of nodes running a wire protocol called bzz using the ethereum devp2p/rlpx network stack as the underlay transport. The Swarm protocol (bzz) defines a mode of interaction. At its core, Swarm implements a \u003c!-- -->\u003cem class=\"chakra-text css-0\">distributed content-addressed chunk store\u003c!-- -->\u003c/em>. Chunks are arbitrary data blobs with a fixed maximum size (currently 4KB). Content addressing means that the address of any chunk is deterministically derived from its content. The addressing scheme falls back on a hash function which takes a chunk as input and returns a 32-byte long key as output. A hash function is irreversible, collision free and uniformly distributed (indeed this is what makes bitcoin, and in general proof-of-work, work).\u003c!-- -->\u003c/p>\n\u003c!-- -->\u003cp class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">This hash of a chunk is the address that clients can use to retrieve the chunk (the hash's \u003c!-- -->\u003cem class=\"chakra-text css-0\">preimage\u003c!-- -->\u003c/em>). Irreversible and collision-free addressing immediately provides integrity protection: no matter the context of how a client knows about an address,\nit can tell if the chunk is damaged or has been tampered with just by hashing it.\u003c!-- -->\u003c/p>\n\u003c!-- -->\u003cp class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">Swarm's main offering as a distributed chunkstore is that you can upload content to it.\nThe nodes constituting the Swarm all dedicate resources (diskspace, memory, bandwidth and CPU) to store and serve chunks. But what determines who is keeping a chunk?\nSwarm nodes have an address (the hash of the address of their \u003c!-- -->\u003cem class=\"chakra-text css-0\">bzz-account\u003c!-- -->\u003c/em>) in the same keyspace as the chunks themselves. Lets call this address space the \u003c!-- -->\u003cem class=\"chakra-text css-0\">overlay network\u003c!-- -->\u003c/em>. If we upload a chunk to the Swarm, the protocol determines that it will eventually end up being stored at nodes that are closest to the chunk's address (according to a well-defined distance measure on the overlay address space). The process by which chunks get to their address is called syncing and is part of the protocol. Nodes that later want to retrieve the content can find it again by forwarding a query to nodes that are close the the content's address. Indeed, when a node needs a chunk, it simply posts a request to the Swarm with the address of the content, and the Swarm will forward the requests until the data is found (or the request times out). In this regard, Swarm is similar to a traditional \u003c!-- -->\u003cem class=\"chakra-text css-0\">distributed hash table (DHT)\u003c!-- -->\u003c/em> but with two important (and under-researched) features.\u003c!-- -->\u003c/p>\n\u003c!-- -->\u003cp class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">Swarm uses a set of TCP/IP connections in which each node has a set of (semi-)permanent peers. All wire protocol messages between nodes are relayed from node to node hopping on active peer connections. Swarm nodes actively manage their peer connections to maintain a particular set of connections, which enables syncing and content-retrieval by key-based routing. Thus, a chunk-to-be-stored or a content-retrieval-request message can always be efficiently routed along these peer connections to the nodes that are nearest to the content's address. \u003c!-- -->\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"chakra-link css-ug8vf0\" href=\"http://swarm-guide.readthedocs.io/en/latest/architecture.html#peer-management-hive-kademlia\">This flavour of the routing scheme is called \u003c!-- -->\u003cem class=\"chakra-text css-0\">forwarding Kademlia\u003c!-- -->\u003c/em>.\u003c!-- -->\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003c!-- -->\u003cp class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">Combined with the SWAP incentive system, a node's rational self-interest dictates opportunistic caching behaviour: The node caches all relayed chunks locally so they can be the ones to serve it next time it is requested. As a consequence of this behavior, popular content ends up being replicated more redundantly across the network, essentially decreasing the latency of retrievals\u003c!-- -->\u003cstrong> -\u003c!-- -->\u003c/strong> we say that [call this phemon/outcome/?] Swarm is 'auto-scaling' as a distribution network. Furthermore, this caching behaviour unburdens the original custodians from potential DDOS attacks. SWAP incentivises nodes to cache all content they encounter, until their storage space has been filled up. In fact, caching incoming chunks of average expected utility is always a good strategy even if you need to expunge older chunks.\nThe best predictor of demand for a chunk is the rate of requests in the past. Thus it is rational to remove chunks requested the longest time ago. So content that falls out of fashion, goes out of date, or never was popular to begin with, will be garbage collected and removed unless protected by insurance. The upshot is that nodes will end up fully utilizing their dedicated resources to the benefit of users. Such organic auto-scaling makes Swarm a kind of maximum-utilisation elastic cloud.\u003c!-- -->\u003c/p>\n\u003c!-- -->\u003ch2 class=\"chakra-heading css-1w54o5f\" id=\"documents-and-the-swarm-hash\">Documents and the Swarm hash\u003c!-- -->\u003c/h2>\n\u003c!-- -->\u003cp class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">Now we've explained how Swarm functions as a distributed chunk store (fix-sized preimage archive), you may wonder, where do chunks come from and why do I care?\u003c!-- -->\u003c/p>\n\u003c!-- -->\u003cp class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">On the API layer Swarm provides a chunker. The chunker takes any kind of readable source, such as a file or a video camera capture device, and chops it into fix-sized chunks. These so-called data chunks or leaf chunks are hashed and then synced with peers. The hashes of the data chunks are then packaged into chunks themselves (called intermediate chunks) and the process is repeated. Currently 128 hashes make up a new chunk. As a result the data is represented by a merkle tree, and it is the root hash of the tree that acts as the address you use to retrieve the uploaded file.\u003c!-- -->\u003c/p>\n\u003c!-- -->\u003cp class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">When you retrieve this 'file', you look up the root hash and download its preimage. If the preimage is an intermediate chunk, it is interpreted as a series of hashes to address chunks on a lower level. Eventually the process reaches the data level and the content can be served. An important property of a merklised chunk tree is that it provides integrity protection (what you seek is what you get) even on partial reads. For example, this means that you can skip back and forth in a large movie file and still be certain that the data has not been tampered with. advantages of using smaller units (4kb chunk size) include parallelisation of content fetching and less wasted traffic in case of network failures.\u003c!-- -->\u003c/p>\n\u003c!-- -->\u003ch2 class=\"chakra-heading css-1w54o5f\" id=\"manifests-and-urls\">Manifests and URLs\u003c!-- -->\u003c/h2>\n\u003c!-- -->\u003cp class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">On top of the chunk merkle trees, Swarm provides a crucial third layer of organising content: \u003c!-- -->\u003cem class=\"chakra-text css-0\">manifest\u003c!-- -->\u003c/em> files. A \u003c!-- -->\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"chakra-link css-ug8vf0\" href=\"http://swarm-guide.readthedocs.io/en/latest/usage.html#manifests\">manifest\u003c!-- -->\u003c/a> is a json array of manifest entries. An entry minimally specifies a path, a content type and a hash pointing to the actual content. Manifests allow you to create a virtual site hosted on Swarm, which provides url-based addressing by always assuming that the host part of the url points to a manifest, and the path is matched against the paths of manifest entries. Manifest entries can point to other manifests, so they can be recursively embedded, which allows manifests to be coded as a compacted trie efficiently scaling to huge datasets (i.e., Wikipedia or YouTube). Manifests can also be thought of as sitemaps or routing tables that map url strings to content. Since each step of the way we either have merkelised structures or content addresses, manifests provide integrity protection for an entire site.\u003c!-- -->\u003c/p>\n\u003c!-- -->\u003cp class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">Manifests can be read and directly traversed using the bzzr url scheme. This use is demonstrated by the \u003c!-- -->\u003cem class=\"chakra-text css-0\">Swarm Explorer\u003c!-- -->\u003c/em>, \u003c!-- -->\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"chakra-link css-ug8vf0\" href=\"https://github.com/ethereum/swarm-dapps/tree/master/examples/filemanager\">an example Swarm dapp\u003c!-- -->\u003c/a> that displays manifest entries as if they were files on a disk organised in directories. Manifests can easily be interpreted as directory trees so a directory and a virtual host can be seen as the same. A simple decentralised dropbox implementation can be based on this feature. The Swarm Explorer is \u003c!-- -->\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"chakra-link css-ug8vf0\" href=\"http://swarm-gateways.net/bzz:/explorer.test\">up on swarm\u003c!-- -->\u003c/a>: you can use it to browse any virtual site by putting a manifest's address hash in the url: \u003c!-- -->\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"chakra-link css-ug8vf0\" href=\"http://swarm-gateways.net/bzz:/explorer.test/#/explorer.test\">this link will show the explorer browsing its own source code\u003c!-- -->\u003c/a>.\u003c!-- -->\u003c/p>\n\u003c!-- -->\u003cp class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">Hash-based addressing is \u003c!-- -->\u003cem class=\"chakra-text css-0\">immutable\u003c!-- -->\u003c/em>, which means there is no way you can overwrite or change the content of a document under a fixed address. However, since chunks are synced to other nodes, Swarm is immutable in the stronger sense that if something is uploaded to Swarm, it cannot be unseen, unpublished, revoked or removed. For this reason alone, be extra careful with what you share. However you can change a site by creating a new manifest that contains new entries or drops old ones. This operation is cheap since it does not require moving any of the actual content referenced. The \u003c!-- -->\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"chakra-link css-ug8vf0\" href=\"http://swarm-gateways.net/bzz:/album.test\">photo album\u003c!-- -->\u003c/a> is another Swarm dapp that demonstrates how this is done. \u003c!-- -->\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"chakra-link css-ug8vf0\" href=\"https://github.com/ethereum/swarm-dapps/tree/master/examples/album\">the source on github\u003c!-- -->\u003c/a>. If you want your updates to show continuity or need an anchor to display the latest version of your content, you need name based mutable addresses. This is where the blockchain, the Ethereum Name Service and domain names come in. A more complete way to track changes is to use version control, like git or \u003c!-- -->\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"chakra-link css-ug8vf0\" href=\"https://github.com/axic/mango\">mango, a git using Swarm (or IPFS) as its backend\u003c!-- -->\u003c/a>.\u003c!-- -->\u003c/p>\n\u003c!-- -->\u003ch2 class=\"chakra-heading css-1w54o5f\" id=\"ethereum-name-service\">Ethereum Name Service\u003c!-- -->\u003c/h2>\n\u003c!-- -->\u003cp class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">In order to authorise changes or publish updates, we need domain names. For a proper domain name service you need the blockchain and some governance. Swarm uses the \u003c!-- -->\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"chakra-link css-ug8vf0\" href=\"https://github.com/ethereum/ens/wiki\">Ethereum Name Service (ENS)\u003c!-- -->\u003c/a> to \u003c!-- -->\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"chakra-link css-ug8vf0\" href=\"http://swarm-guide.readthedocs.io/en/latest/usage.html#ethereum-name-service\">resolve domain names\u003c!-- -->\u003c/a> to Swarm hashes. Tools are provided to interact with the ENS to acquire and manage domains. The ENS is crucial as it is the bridge between the blockchain and Swarm.\u003c!-- -->\u003c/p>\n\u003c!-- -->\u003cp class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">If you use the \u003c!-- -->\u003ca class=\"chakra-link css-ug8vf0\" href=\"javascript:void(0)\">Swarm proxy\u003c!-- -->\u003c/a> for browsing, the client assumes that the domain (the part after bzz:/ up to the first slash) resolves to a content hash via ENS. Thanks to the proxy and the standard url scheme handler interface, \u003c!-- -->\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"chakra-link css-ug8vf0\" href=\"https://www.reddit.com/r/ethereum/comments/51zr5r/notice_the_bzz_on_the_url_bar_this_is_mist/?ref=search_posts\">Mist integration\u003c!-- -->\u003c/a> should be blissfully easy for Mist's official debut with Metropolis.\u003c!-- -->\u003c/p>\n\u003c!-- -->\u003cp class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"chakra-link css-ug8vf0\" href=\"https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/projects/6\">Our roadmap\u003c!-- -->\u003c/a> is ambitious: Swarm 0.3 comes with an extensive rewrite of the network layer and the syncing protocol, obfuscation and double masking for plausible deniability, kademlia routed p2p messaging, improved bandwidth accounting and extended manifests with http header support and metadata. Swarm 0.4 is planned to ship client side redundancy with erasure coding, scan and repair with proof of custody, encryrption support, adaptive transmission channels for multicast streams and the long-awaited storage insurance and litigation.\u003c!-- -->\u003c/p>\n\u003c!-- -->\u003cp class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">In future posts, we will discuss obfuscation and plausible deniability, proof of custody and storage insurance, internode messaging and the network testing and simulation framework, and more. 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css-mb8gg\">Protocol Announcements\u003c/p>\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\u003c/ul>\u003c/div>\u003c/footer>\u003c/div>\u003c/div>\u003c/div>\u003cspan>\u003c/span>\u003c/div>\u003cscript id=\"__NEXT_DATA__\" type=\"application/json\">{\"props\":{\"pageProps\":{\"frontmatter\":{\"title\":\"Swarm alpha public pilot and the basics of Swarm\",\"date\":\"2016-12-15T06:36:57+00:00\",\"author\":\"Viktor Tron\",\"category\":\"Research \\u0026 Development\"},\"content\":\"\\nWith the long awaited [geth 1.5 (\\\"let there bee light\\\") release](/2016/11/17/whoa-geth-1-5/), Swarm made it into the official go-ethereum release as an experimental feature. The [current version of the code](https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/releases/tag/v1.5.5) is POC 0.2 RC5 -- \\\"embrace your daemons\\\" ([roadmap](https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/projects/6)), which is the refactored and cleaner version of the codebase that was running on the Swarm toynet in the past months.\\n\\nThe current release ships with the `swarm`command that launches [a standalone Swarm daemon](https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/tree/master/cmd/swarm) as separate process using your favourite IPC-compliant ethereum client if needed. Bandwidth accounting (using the Swarm Accounting Protocol = SWAP) is responsible for smooth operation and speedy content delivery by incentivising nodes to contribute their bandwidth and relay data. The SWAP system is functional but it is switched off by default. Storage incentives (punitive insurance) to protect availability of rarely-accessed content is planned to be operational in [POC 0.4](https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/projects/6). So currently by default, the client uses the blockchain only for domain name resolution.\\n\\nWith this blog post we are happy to announce the launch of our shiny new Swarm testnet connected to the Ropsten ethereum testchain. The Ethereum Foundation is contributing a 35-strong (will be up to 105) Swarm cluster running on the Azure cloud. It is hosting [the Swarm homepage](http://swarm-gateways.net/bzz:/1b5d887cea699d18560ae6dcaf06676f5064f630978b8031d9beb6fbddd82a82).\\n\\nWe consider this testnet as the first public pilot, and the community is welcome to join the network, contribute resources, and help us find issues, identify painpoints and give feedback on useability. Instructions can be found in the [Swarm guide](https://swarm-guide.readthedocs.io). We encourage those who can afford to run persistent nodes (nodes that stay online) to [get in touch](https://gitter.im/ethereum/swarm). We have already received promises for 100TB deployments.\\n\\nNote that the testnet offers no guarantees! Data may be lost or become unavailable. Indeed guarantees of persistence cannot be made at least until the storage insurance incentive layer is implemented (scheduled for [POC 0.4](https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/projects/6)).\\n\\nWe envision shaping this project with more and more community involvement, so we are inviting those interested to join our [public discussion rooms on gitter](https://gitter.im/ethereum/swarm). We would like to lay the groundwork for this dialogue with a series of blog posts about the technology and ideology behind Swarm in particular and about Web3 in general. The first post in this series will introduce the ingredients and operation of Swarm as currently functional.\\n\\n## What is Swarm after all?\\n\\nSwarm is a distributed storage platform and content distribution service; a native base layer service of the ethereum Web3 stack. The objective is a peer-to-peer storage and serving solution that has zero downtime, is DDOS-resistant, fault-tolerant and censorship-resistant as well as self-sustaining due to a built-in incentive system. The incentive layer uses peer-to-peer accounting for bandwidth, deposit-based storage incentives and allows trading resources for payment. Swarm is designed to deeply integrate with the devp2p multiprotocol network layer of Ethereum as well as with the Ethereum blockchain for domain name resolution, service payments and content availability insurance. Nodes on the current testnet use the Ropsten testchain for domain name resolution only, with incentivisation switched off. The primary objective of Swarm is to provide decentralised and redundant storage of Ethereum's public record, in particular storing and distributing dapp code and data as well as blockchain data.\\n\\nThere are two major features that set Swarm apart from other decentralised distributed storage solutions. While existing services (Bittorrent, Zeronet, IPFS) allow you to register and share the content you host on your server, Swarm provides the hosting itself as a decentralised cloud storage service. There is a genuine sense that you can just 'upload and disappear': you upload your content to the swarm and retrieve it later, all potentially without a hard disk. Swarm aspires to be the generic storage and delivery service that, when ready, caters to use-cases ranging from serving low-latency real-time interactive web applications to acting as guaranteed persistent storage for rarely used content.\\n\\nThe other major feature is the incentive system. The beauty of decentralised consensus of computation and state is that it allows programmable rulesets for communities, networks, and decentralised services that solve their coordination problems by implementing transparent self-enforcing incentives. Such incentive systems model individual participants as agents following their rational self-interest, yet the network's emergent behaviour is massively more beneficial to the participants than without coordination.\\n\\nNot long after Vitalik's whitepaper the Ethereum dev core realised that a generalised blockchain is a crucial missing piece of the puzzle needed, alongside existing peer-to-peer technologies, to run a fully decentralised internet. The idea of having separate protocols (shh for Whisper, bzz for Swarm, eth for the blockchain) was introduced in May 2014 by Gavin and Vitalik who imagined the Ethereum ecosystem within the grand crypto 2.0 vision of _the third web_. The Swarm project is a prime example of a system where incentivisation will allow participants to efficiently pool their storage and bandwidth resources in order to provide global content services to all participants. We could say that the smart contracts of the incentives implement the _hive mind of the swarm_.\\n\\nA thorough synthesis of our research into these issues led to the publication of the first two [orange papers](http://swarm-gateways.net/bzz:/theswarm.test/orange-papers/1/sw%5E3.pdf). Incentives are also explained in [the devcon2 talk about the Swarm incentive system](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RF8L6V_E-MM). More details to come in future posts.\\n\\n## How does Swarm work?\\n\\nSwarm is a network, a service and a protocol (rules). A Swarm network is a network of nodes running a wire protocol called bzz using the ethereum devp2p/rlpx network stack as the underlay transport. The Swarm protocol (bzz) defines a mode of interaction. At its core, Swarm implements a _distributed content-addressed chunk store_. Chunks are arbitrary data blobs with a fixed maximum size (currently 4KB). Content addressing means that the address of any chunk is deterministically derived from its content. The addressing scheme falls back on a hash function which takes a chunk as input and returns a 32-byte long key as output. A hash function is irreversible, collision free and uniformly distributed (indeed this is what makes bitcoin, and in general proof-of-work, work).\\n\\nThis hash of a chunk is the address that clients can use to retrieve the chunk (the hash's _preimage_). Irreversible and collision-free addressing immediately provides integrity protection: no matter the context of how a client knows about an address,\\nit can tell if the chunk is damaged or has been tampered with just by hashing it.\\n\\nSwarm's main offering as a distributed chunkstore is that you can upload content to it.\\nThe nodes constituting the Swarm all dedicate resources (diskspace, memory, bandwidth and CPU) to store and serve chunks. But what determines who is keeping a chunk?\\nSwarm nodes have an address (the hash of the address of their _bzz-account_) in the same keyspace as the chunks themselves. Lets call this address space the \\u003cem\\u003eoverlay network\\u003c/em\\u003e. If we upload a chunk to the Swarm, the protocol determines that it will eventually end up being stored at nodes that are closest to the chunk's address (according to a well-defined distance measure on the overlay address space). The process by which chunks get to their address is called syncing and is part of the protocol. Nodes that later want to retrieve the content can find it again by forwarding a query to nodes that are close the the content's address. Indeed, when a node needs a chunk, it simply posts a request to the Swarm with the address of the content, and the Swarm will forward the requests until the data is found (or the request times out). In this regard, Swarm is similar to a traditional _distributed hash table (DHT)_ but with two important (and under-researched) features.\\n\\nSwarm uses a set of TCP/IP connections in which each node has a set of (semi-)permanent peers. All wire protocol messages between nodes are relayed from node to node hopping on active peer connections. Swarm nodes actively manage their peer connections to maintain a particular set of connections, which enables syncing and content-retrieval by key-based routing. Thus, a chunk-to-be-stored or a content-retrieval-request message can always be efficiently routed along these peer connections to the nodes that are nearest to the content's address. \\u003ca href=\\\"http://swarm-guide.readthedocs.io/en/latest/architecture.html#peer-management-hive-kademlia\\\"\\u003eThis flavour of the routing scheme is called _forwarding Kademlia_.\\u003c/a\\u003e\\n\\nCombined with the SWAP incentive system, a node's rational self-interest dictates opportunistic caching behaviour: The node caches all relayed chunks locally so they can be the ones to serve it next time it is requested. As a consequence of this behavior, popular content ends up being replicated more redundantly across the network, essentially decreasing the latency of retrievals\\u003cstrong\\u003e -\\u003c/strong\\u003e we say that [call this phemon/outcome/?] Swarm is 'auto-scaling' as a distribution network. Furthermore, this caching behaviour unburdens the original custodians from potential DDOS attacks. SWAP incentivises nodes to cache all content they encounter, until their storage space has been filled up. In fact, caching incoming chunks of average expected utility is always a good strategy even if you need to expunge older chunks.\\nThe best predictor of demand for a chunk is the rate of requests in the past. Thus it is rational to remove chunks requested the longest time ago. So content that falls out of fashion, goes out of date, or never was popular to begin with, will be garbage collected and removed unless protected by insurance. The upshot is that nodes will end up fully utilizing their dedicated resources to the benefit of users. Such organic auto-scaling makes Swarm a kind of maximum-utilisation elastic cloud.\\n\\n## Documents and the Swarm hash\\n\\nNow we've explained how Swarm functions as a distributed chunk store (fix-sized preimage archive), you may wonder, where do chunks come from and why do I care?\\n\\nOn the API layer Swarm provides a chunker. The chunker takes any kind of readable source, such as a file or a video camera capture device, and chops it into fix-sized chunks. These so-called data chunks or leaf chunks are hashed and then synced with peers. The hashes of the data chunks are then packaged into chunks themselves (called intermediate chunks) and the process is repeated. Currently 128 hashes make up a new chunk. As a result the data is represented by a merkle tree, and it is the root hash of the tree that acts as the address you use to retrieve the uploaded file.\\n\\nWhen you retrieve this 'file', you look up the root hash and download its preimage. If the preimage is an intermediate chunk, it is interpreted as a series of hashes to address chunks on a lower level. Eventually the process reaches the data level and the content can be served. An important property of a merklised chunk tree is that it provides integrity protection (what you seek is what you get) even on partial reads. For example, this means that you can skip back and forth in a large movie file and still be certain that the data has not been tampered with. advantages of using smaller units (4kb chunk size) include parallelisation of content fetching and less wasted traffic in case of network failures.\\n\\n## Manifests and URLs\\n\\nOn top of the chunk merkle trees, Swarm provides a crucial third layer of organising content: _manifest_ files. A [manifest](http://swarm-guide.readthedocs.io/en/latest/usage.html#manifests) is a json array of manifest entries. An entry minimally specifies a path, a content type and a hash pointing to the actual content. Manifests allow you to create a virtual site hosted on Swarm, which provides url-based addressing by always assuming that the host part of the url points to a manifest, and the path is matched against the paths of manifest entries. Manifest entries can point to other manifests, so they can be recursively embedded, which allows manifests to be coded as a compacted trie efficiently scaling to huge datasets (i.e., Wikipedia or YouTube). Manifests can also be thought of as sitemaps or routing tables that map url strings to content. Since each step of the way we either have merkelised structures or content addresses, manifests provide integrity protection for an entire site.\\n\\nManifests can be read and directly traversed using the bzzr url scheme. This use is demonstrated by the _Swarm Explorer_, [an example Swarm dapp](https://github.com/ethereum/swarm-dapps/tree/master/examples/filemanager) that displays manifest entries as if they were files on a disk organised in directories. Manifests can easily be interpreted as directory trees so a directory and a virtual host can be seen as the same. A simple decentralised dropbox implementation can be based on this feature. The Swarm Explorer is [up on swarm](http://swarm-gateways.net/bzz:/explorer.test): you can use it to browse any virtual site by putting a manifest's address hash in the url: [this link will show the explorer browsing its own source code](http://swarm-gateways.net/bzz:/explorer.test/#/explorer.test).\\n\\nHash-based addressing is _immutable_, which means there is no way you can overwrite or change the content of a document under a fixed address. However, since chunks are synced to other nodes, Swarm is immutable in the stronger sense that if something is uploaded to Swarm, it cannot be unseen, unpublished, revoked or removed. For this reason alone, be extra careful with what you share. However you can change a site by creating a new manifest that contains new entries or drops old ones. This operation is cheap since it does not require moving any of the actual content referenced. The [photo album](http://swarm-gateways.net/bzz:/album.test) is another Swarm dapp that demonstrates how this is done. [the source on github](https://github.com/ethereum/swarm-dapps/tree/master/examples/album). If you want your updates to show continuity or need an anchor to display the latest version of your content, you need name based mutable addresses. This is where the blockchain, the Ethereum Name Service and domain names come in. A more complete way to track changes is to use version control, like git or [mango, a git using Swarm (or IPFS) as its backend](https://github.com/axic/mango).\\n\\n## Ethereum Name Service\\n\\nIn order to authorise changes or publish updates, we need domain names. For a proper domain name service you need the blockchain and some governance. Swarm uses the [Ethereum Name Service (ENS)](https://github.com/ethereum/ens/wiki) to [resolve domain names](http://swarm-guide.readthedocs.io/en/latest/usage.html#ethereum-name-service) to Swarm hashes. Tools are provided to interact with the ENS to acquire and manage domains. The ENS is crucial as it is the bridge between the blockchain and Swarm.\\n\\nIf you use the [Swarm proxy](localhost:8500/) for browsing, the client assumes that the domain (the part after bzz:/ up to the first slash) resolves to a content hash via ENS. Thanks to the proxy and the standard url scheme handler interface, [Mist integration](https://www.reddit.com/r/ethereum/comments/51zr5r/notice_the_bzz_on_the_url_bar_this_is_mist/?ref=search_posts) should be blissfully easy for Mist's official debut with Metropolis.\\n\\n[Our roadmap](https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/projects/6) is ambitious: Swarm 0.3 comes with an extensive rewrite of the network layer and the syncing protocol, obfuscation and double masking for plausible deniability, kademlia routed p2p messaging, improved bandwidth accounting and extended manifests with http header support and metadata. Swarm 0.4 is planned to ship client side redundancy with erasure coding, scan and repair with proof of custody, encryrption support, adaptive transmission channels for multicast streams and the long-awaited storage insurance and litigation.\\n\\nIn future posts, we will discuss obfuscation and plausible deniability, proof of custody and storage insurance, internode messaging and the network testing and simulation framework, and more. Watch this space, bzz...\\n\",\"locale\":\"en\",\"postTranslatedIn\":[\"en\"],\"availableURLs\":[\"/2013/12/31/bootstrapping-a-decentralized-autonomous-corporation-part-3-identity-corp\",\"/2013/12/31/bootstrapping-a-decentralized-autonomous-corporation-part-i\",\"/2013/12/31/bootstrapping-an-autonomous-decentralized-corporation-part-2-interacting-with-the-world\",\"/2014/01/15/slasher-a-punitive-proof-of-stake-algorithm\",\"/2014/01/23/ethereum-now-going-public\",\"/2014/01/29/conference-alpha-testnet-and-ether-pre-sale-updates\",\"/2014/02/01/on-transaction-fees-and-the-fallacy-of-market-based-solutions\",\"/2014/02/03/introducing-ethereum-script-2-0\",\"/2014/02/05/more-thoughts-on-scripting-and-future-compatibility\",\"/2014/02/08/cryptographic-code-obfuscation-decentralized-autonomous-organizations-are-about-to-take-a-huge-leap-forward\",\"/2014/02/09/why-not-just-use-x-an-instructive-example-from-bitcoin\",\"/2014/02/13/important-statement-regarding-the-ether-pre-sale\",\"/2014/02/18/ethereum-scalability-and-decentralization-updates\",\"/2014/02/24/daos-are-not-scary-part-1-self-enforcing-contracts-and-factum-law\",\"/2014/03/01/daos-are-not-scary-part-2-reducing-barriers\",\"/2014/03/20/the-latest-evm-ethereum-is-a-trust-free-closure-system\",\"/2014/03/20/the-question-of-mining\",\"/2014/03/28/schellingcoin-a-minimal-trust-universal-data-feed\",\"/2014/04/10/pyethereum-and-serpent-programming-guide\",\"/2014/04/10/the-issuance-model-in-ethereum\",\"/2014/04/30/decentralized-protocol-monetization-and-forks\",\"/2014/05/02/serpent-upgrades-more-fun-stuff\",\"/2014/05/06/daos-dacs-das-and-more-an-incomplete-terminology-guide\",\"/2014/05/14/what-is-ethereum-project-platform-fuel-stack\",\"/2014/05/15/long-range-attacks-the-serious-problem-with-adaptive-proof-of-work\",\"/2014/05/15/the-xbox-and-ethereums-dual-mandate\",\"/2014/05/24/on-long-term-cryptocurrency-distribution-models\",\"/2014/05/27/what-if-ethereum-lived-on-a-treap-or-blockchains-charging-rent\",\"/2014/06/05/ethereum-project-update\",\"/2014/06/19/mining\",\"/2014/06/30/advanced-contract-programming-example-schellingcoin\",\"/2014/07/05/stake\",\"/2014/07/09/how-to-make-a-purchase-in-the-ether-presale\",\"/2014/07/11/toward-a-12-second-block-time\",\"/2014/07/14/the-ethereum-project\",\"/2014/07/22/ethereum-and-oracles\",\"/2014/07/22/launching-the-ether-sale\",\"/2014/07/23/ether-purchase-troubleshooting\",\"/2014/08/06/programming-society-with-asm-gavin-wood-at-assembly-2014\",\"/2014/08/08/announcement-on-planned-exodus-withdrawal\",\"/2014/08/08/ether-sale-a-statistical-overview\",\"/2014/08/16/secret-sharing-erasure-coding-guide-aspiring-dropbox-decentralizer\",\"/2014/08/18/building-decentralized-web\",\"/2014/08/21/introduction-futarchy\",\"/2014/08/27/state-ethereum-august-edition\",\"/2014/09/02/crypto-renaissance\",\"/2014/09/02/software-bounded-rationality\",\"/2014/09/17/scalability-part-1-building-top\",\"/2014/10/03/slasher-ghost-developments-proof-stake\",\"/2014/10/17/gavs-dev-update-ethereums\",\"/2014/10/21/scalability-part-2-hypercubes\",\"/2014/10/23/information-theoretic-account-secure-brainwallets\",\"/2014/11/01/gavs-ethereum-dev-update-ii\",\"/2014/11/02/jeffs-ethereum-dev-update\",\"/2014/11/03/stephans-ethereum-community-adoption-update-week-1\",\"/2014/11/11/search-stable-cryptocurrency\",\"/2014/11/13/scalability-part-3-metacoin-history-multichain\",\"/2014/11/18/gavs-dev-update-iii\",\"/2014/11/20/bitcoin-maximalism-currency-platform-network-effects\",\"/2014/11/25/proof-stake-learned-love-weak-subjectivity\",\"/2014/12/02/inside-ethereum-devhub-berlin\",\"/2014/12/05/devcon-0-recap\",\"/2014/12/15/gavs-ethereum-dev-update-iv\",\"/2014/12/17/ethereum-dev\",\"/2014/12/18/call-bug-bounty-hunters\",\"/2014/12/26/secret-sharing-daos-crypto-2-0\",\"/2014/12/31/silos\",\"/2015/01/06/jeffs-ethereum-dev-update-2\",\"/2015/01/09/ethereum-community-survey\",\"/2015/01/10/light-clients-proof-stake\",\"/2015/01/23/superrationality-daos\",\"/2015/01/28/p-epsilon-attack\",\"/2015/02/14/subjectivity-exploitability-tradeoff\",\"/2015/03/02/gavs-ethereum-dev-update-v\",\"/2015/03/03/ethereum-launch-process\",\"/2015/03/05/ethereum-development-process\",\"/2015/03/12/getting-to-the-frontier\",\"/2015/03/14/ethereum-the-first-year\",\"/2015/03/20/ethereum-builders-experiment\",\"/2015/03/20/juttas-update-bug-bounty-program-security-audit\",\"/2015/04/01/ethereums-unexpected-future-direction\",\"/2015/04/02/implementing-vitaliks-vision\",\"/2015/04/05/bazaar-services\",\"/2015/04/05/blockchain-scalability-chain-fibers-redux\",\"/2015/04/06/ethereum-builders-supercharging-github\",\"/2015/04/07/devgrants-help\",\"/2015/04/08/ethereum-foundation-is-hiring-an-executive-director\",\"/2015/04/10/ethereum-foundation-open-call-re-board-selection\",\"/2015/04/13/visions-part-1-the-value-of-blockchain-technology\",\"/2015/04/27/visions-part-2-the-problem-of-trust\",\"/2015/05/02/the-end-of-the-beginning\",\"/2015/05/09/olympic-frontier-pre-release\",\"/20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the long awaited .css-ug8vf0{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--chakra-colors-fg-link);font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);display:inline;}.css-ug8vf0:hover,.css-ug8vf0[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;box-shadow:inset 0 -8px 0 rgba(165, 234, 245, 0.5);}.css-ug8vf0:focus-visible,.css-ug8vf0[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}geth 1.5 (\"let there bee light\") release, Swarm made it into the official go-ethereum release as an experimental feature. The current version of the code is POC 0.2 RC5 -- \"embrace your daemons\" (roadmap), which is the refactored and cleaner version of the codebase that was running on the Swarm toynet in the past months.\nThe current release ships with the .css-ons8vw{padding:0.125em 0.25em;color:var(--chakra-colors-fg-code);background:var(--chakra-colors-bg-code);border-radius:0.25em;font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-code);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-sm);overflow-y:scroll;}swarmcommand that launches a standalone Swarm daemon as separate process using your favourite IPC-compliant ethereum client if needed. Bandwidth accounting (using the Swarm Accounting Protocol = SWAP) is responsible for smooth operation and speedy content delivery by incentivising nodes to contribute their bandwidth and relay data. The SWAP system is functional but it is switched off by default. Storage incentives (punitive insurance) to protect availability of rarely-accessed content is planned to be operational in POC 0.4. So currently by default, the client uses the blockchain only for domain name resolution.\nWith this blog post we are happy to announce the launch of our shiny new Swarm testnet connected to the Ropsten ethereum testchain. The Ethereum Foundation is contributing a 35-strong (will be up to 105) Swarm cluster running on the Azure cloud. It is hosting the Swarm homepage.\nWe consider this testnet as the first public pilot, and the community is welcome to join the network, contribute resources, and help us find issues, identify painpoints and give feedback on useability. Instructions can be found in the Swarm guide. We encourage those who can afford to run persistent nodes (nodes that stay online) to get in touch. We have already received promises for 100TB deployments.\nNote that the testnet offers no guarantees! Data may be lost or become unavailable. Indeed guarantees of persistence cannot be made at least until the storage insurance incentive layer is implemented (scheduled for POC 0.4).\nWe envision shaping this project with more and more community involvement, so we are inviting those interested to join our public discussion rooms on gitter. We would like to lay the groundwork for this dialogue with a series of blog posts about the technology and ideology behind Swarm in particular and about Web3 in general. The first post in this series will introduce the ingredients and operation of Swarm as currently functional.\n.css-1w54o5f{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-3xl);line-height:1.33;margin-top:var(--chakra-space-12);margin-bottom:var(--chakra-space-4);text-align:start;}@media screen and (min-width: 360px){.css-1w54o5f{line-height:1.2;}}@media screen and (min-width: 768px){.css-1w54o5f{font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-4xl);margin-top:var(--chakra-space-1);margin-bottom:var(--chakra-space-7);}}What is Swarm after all?\nSwarm is a distributed storage platform and content distribution service; a native base layer service of the ethereum Web3 stack. The objective is a peer-to-peer storage and serving solution that has zero downtime, is DDOS-resistant, fault-tolerant and censorship-resistant as well as self-sustaining due to a built-in incentive system. The incentive layer uses peer-to-peer accounting for bandwidth, deposit-based storage incentives and allows trading resources for payment. Swarm is designed to deeply integrate with the devp2p multiprotocol network layer of Ethereum as well as with the Ethereum blockchain for domain name resolution, service payments and content availability insurance. Nodes on the current testnet use the Ropsten testchain for domain name resolution only, with incentivisation switched off. The primary objective of Swarm is to provide decentralised and redundant storage of Ethereum's public record, in particular storing and distributing dapp code and data as well as blockchain data.\nThere are two major features that set Swarm apart from other decentralised distributed storage solutions. While existing services (Bittorrent, Zeronet, IPFS) allow you to register and share the content you host on your server, Swarm provides the hosting itself as a decentralised cloud storage service. There is a genuine sense that you can just 'upload and disappear': you upload your content to the swarm and retrieve it later, all potentially without a hard disk. Swarm aspires to be the generic storage and delivery service that, when ready, caters to use-cases ranging from serving low-latency real-time interactive web applications to acting as guaranteed persistent storage for rarely used content.\nThe other major feature is the incentive system. The beauty of decentralised consensus of computation and state is that it allows programmable rulesets for communities, networks, and decentralised services that solve their coordination problems by implementing transparent self-enforcing incentives. Such incentive systems model individual participants as agents following their rational self-interest, yet the network's emergent behaviour is massively more beneficial to the participants than without coordination.\nNot long after Vitalik's whitepaper the Ethereum dev core realised that a generalised blockchain is a crucial missing piece of the puzzle needed, alongside existing peer-to-peer technologies, to run a fully decentralised internet. The idea of having separate protocols (shh for Whisper, bzz for Swarm, eth for the blockchain) was introduced in May 2014 by Gavin and Vitalik who imagined the Ethereum ecosystem within the grand crypto 2.0 vision of the third web. The Swarm project is a prime example of a system where incentivisation will allow participants to efficiently pool their storage and bandwidth resources in order to provide global content services to all participants. We could say that the smart contracts of the incentives implement the hive mind of the swarm.\nA thorough synthesis of our research into these issues led to the publication of the first two orange papers. Incentives are also explained in the devcon2 talk about the Swarm incentive system. More details to come in future posts.\nHow does Swarm work?\nSwarm is a network, a service and a protocol (rules). A Swarm network is a network of nodes running a wire protocol called bzz using the ethereum devp2p/rlpx network stack as the underlay transport. The Swarm protocol (bzz) defines a mode of interaction. At its core, Swarm implements a distributed content-addressed chunk store. Chunks are arbitrary data blobs with a fixed maximum size (currently 4KB). Content addressing means that the address of any chunk is deterministically derived from its content. The addressing scheme falls back on a hash function which takes a chunk as input and returns a 32-byte long key as output. A hash function is irreversible, collision free and uniformly distributed (indeed this is what makes bitcoin, and in general proof-of-work, work).\nThis hash of a chunk is the address that clients can use to retrieve the chunk (the hash's preimage). Irreversible and collision-free addressing immediately provides integrity protection: no matter the context of how a client knows about an address,\nit can tell if the chunk is damaged or has been tampered with just by hashing it.\nSwarm's main offering as a distributed chunkstore is that you can upload content to it.\nThe nodes constituting the Swarm all dedicate resources (diskspace, memory, bandwidth and CPU) to store and serve chunks. But what determines who is keeping a chunk?\nSwarm nodes have an address (the hash of the address of their bzz-account) in the same keyspace as the chunks themselves. Lets call this address space the overlay network. If we upload a chunk to the Swarm, the protocol determines that it will eventually end up being stored at nodes that are closest to the chunk's address (according to a well-defined distance measure on the overlay address space). The process by which chunks get to their address is called syncing and is part of the protocol. Nodes that later want to retrieve the content can find it again by forwarding a query to nodes that are close the the content's address. Indeed, when a node needs a chunk, it simply posts a request to the Swarm with the address of the content, and the Swarm will forward the requests until the data is found (or the request times out). In this regard, Swarm is similar to a traditional distributed hash table (DHT) but with two important (and under-researched) features.\nSwarm uses a set of TCP/IP connections in which each node has a set of (semi-)permanent peers. All wire protocol messages between nodes are relayed from node to node hopping on active peer connections. Swarm nodes actively manage their peer connections to maintain a particular set of connections, which enables syncing and content-retrieval by key-based routing. Thus, a chunk-to-be-stored or a content-retrieval-request message can always be efficiently routed along these peer connections to the nodes that are nearest to the content's address. This flavour of the routing scheme is called forwarding Kademlia.\nCombined with the SWAP incentive system, a node's rational self-interest dictates opportunistic caching behaviour: The node caches all relayed chunks locally so they can be the ones to serve it next time it is requested. As a consequence of this behavior, popular content ends up being replicated more redundantly across the network, essentially decreasing the latency of retrievals - we say that [call this phemon/outcome/?] Swarm is 'auto-scaling' as a distribution network. Furthermore, this caching behaviour unburdens the original custodians from potential DDOS attacks. SWAP incentivises nodes to cache all content they encounter, until their storage space has been filled up. In fact, caching incoming chunks of average expected utility is always a good strategy even if you need to expunge older chunks.\nThe best predictor of demand for a chunk is the rate of requests in the past. Thus it is rational to remove chunks requested the longest time ago. So content that falls out of fashion, goes out of date, or never was popular to begin with, will be garbage collected and removed unless protected by insurance. The upshot is that nodes will end up fully utilizing their dedicated resources to the benefit of users. Such organic auto-scaling makes Swarm a kind of maximum-utilisation elastic cloud.\nDocuments and the Swarm hash\nNow we've explained how Swarm functions as a distributed chunk store (fix-sized preimage archive), you may wonder, where do chunks come from and why do I care?\nOn the API layer Swarm provides a chunker. The chunker takes any kind of readable source, such as a file or a video camera capture device, and chops it into fix-sized chunks. These so-called data chunks or leaf chunks are hashed and then synced with peers. The hashes of the data chunks are then packaged into chunks themselves (called intermediate chunks) and the process is repeated. Currently 128 hashes make up a new chunk. As a result the data is represented by a merkle tree, and it is the root hash of the tree that acts as the address you use to retrieve the uploaded file.\nWhen you retrieve this 'file', you look up the root hash and download its preimage. If the preimage is an intermediate chunk, it is interpreted as a series of hashes to address chunks on a lower level. Eventually the process reaches the data level and the content can be served. An important property of a merklised chunk tree is that it provides integrity protection (what you seek is what you get) even on partial reads. For example, this means that you can skip back and forth in a large movie file and still be certain that the data has not been tampered with. advantages of using smaller units (4kb chunk size) include parallelisation of content fetching and less wasted traffic in case of network failures.\nManifests and URLs\nOn top of the chunk merkle trees, Swarm provides a crucial third layer of organising content: manifest files. A manifest is a json array of manifest entries. An entry minimally specifies a path, a content type and a hash pointing to the actual content. Manifests allow you to create a virtual site hosted on Swarm, which provides url-based addressing by always assuming that the host part of the url points to a manifest, and the path is matched against the paths of manifest entries. Manifest entries can point to other manifests, so they can be recursively embedded, which allows manifests to be coded as a compacted trie efficiently scaling to huge datasets (i.e., Wikipedia or YouTube). Manifests can also be thought of as sitemaps or routing tables that map url strings to content. Since each step of the way we either have merkelised structures or content addresses, manifests provide integrity protection for an entire site.\nManifests can be read and directly traversed using the bzzr url scheme. This use is demonstrated by the Swarm Explorer, an example Swarm dapp that displays manifest entries as if they were files on a disk organised in directories. Manifests can easily be interpreted as directory trees so a directory and a virtual host can be seen as the same. A simple decentralised dropbox implementation can be based on this feature. The Swarm Explorer is up on swarm: you can use it to browse any virtual site by putting a manifest's address hash in the url: this link will show the explorer browsing its own source code.\nHash-based addressing is immutable, which means there is no way you can overwrite or change the content of a document under a fixed address. However, since chunks are synced to other nodes, Swarm is immutable in the stronger sense that if something is uploaded to Swarm, it cannot be unseen, unpublished, revoked or removed. For this reason alone, be extra careful with what you share. However you can change a site by creating a new manifest that contains new entries or drops old ones. This operation is cheap since it does not require moving any of the actual content referenced. The photo album is another Swarm dapp that demonstrates how this is done. the source on github. If you want your updates to show continuity or need an anchor to display the latest version of your content, you need name based mutable addresses. This is where the blockchain, the Ethereum Name Service and domain names come in. A more complete way to track changes is to use version control, like git or mango, a git using Swarm (or IPFS) as its backend.\nEthereum Name Service\nIn order to authorise changes or publish updates, we need domain names. For a proper domain name service you need the blockchain and some governance. Swarm uses the Ethereum Name Service (ENS) to resolve domain names to Swarm hashes. Tools are provided to interact with the ENS to acquire and manage domains. The ENS is crucial as it is the bridge between the blockchain and Swarm.\nIf you use the Swarm proxy for browsing, the client assumes that the domain (the part after bzz:/ up to the first slash) resolves to a content hash via ENS. Thanks to the proxy and the standard url scheme handler interface, Mist integration should be blissfully easy for Mist's official debut with Metropolis.\nOur roadmap is ambitious: Swarm 0.3 comes with an extensive rewrite of the network layer and the syncing protocol, obfuscation and double masking for plausible deniability, kademlia routed p2p messaging, improved bandwidth accounting and extended manifests with http header support and metadata. Swarm 0.4 is planned to ship client side redundancy with erasure coding, scan and repair with proof of custody, encryrption support, adaptive transmission channels for multicast streams and the long-awaited storage insurance and litigation.\nIn future posts, we will discuss obfuscation and plausible deniability, proof of custody and storage insurance, internode messaging and the network testing and simulation framework, and more. Watch this space, bzz...","html":"\u003cstyle data-emotion=\"css gi02ar\">.css-gi02ar{margin-top:var(--chakra-space-7);margin-bottom:var(--chakra-space-7);line-height:1.5;}.css-gi02ar:first-of-type{margin-bottom:var(--chakra-space-7);}\u003c/style>\u003cp class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">With the long awaited \u003c!-- -->\u003cstyle data-emotion=\"css ug8vf0\">.css-ug8vf0{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--chakra-colors-fg-link);font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);display:inline;}.css-ug8vf0:hover,.css-ug8vf0[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;box-shadow:inset 0 -8px 0 rgba(165, 234, 245, 0.5);}.css-ug8vf0:focus-visible,.css-ug8vf0[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}\u003c/style>\u003ca class=\"chakra-link css-ug8vf0\" href=\"/2016/11/17/whoa-geth-1-5\">geth 1.5 (\"let there bee light\") release\u003c!-- -->\u003c/a>, Swarm made it into the official go-ethereum release as an experimental feature. The \u003c!-- -->\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"chakra-link css-ug8vf0\" href=\"https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/releases/tag/v1.5.5\">current version of the code\u003c!-- -->\u003c/a> is POC 0.2 RC5 -- \"embrace your daemons\" (\u003c!-- -->\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"chakra-link css-ug8vf0\" href=\"https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/projects/6\">roadmap\u003c!-- -->\u003c/a>), which is the refactored and cleaner version of the codebase that was running on the Swarm toynet in the past months.\u003c!-- -->\u003c/p>\n\u003c!-- -->\u003cp class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">The current release ships with the \u003c!-- -->\u003cstyle data-emotion=\"css ons8vw\">.css-ons8vw{padding:0.125em 0.25em;color:var(--chakra-colors-fg-code);background:var(--chakra-colors-bg-code);border-radius:0.25em;font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-code);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-sm);overflow-y:scroll;}\u003c/style>\u003cspan class=\"chakra-text css-ons8vw\">swarm\u003c/span>command that launches \u003c!-- -->\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"chakra-link css-ug8vf0\" href=\"https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/tree/master/cmd/swarm\">a standalone Swarm daemon\u003c!-- -->\u003c/a> as separate process using your favourite IPC-compliant ethereum client if needed. Bandwidth accounting (using the Swarm Accounting Protocol = SWAP) is responsible for smooth operation and speedy content delivery by incentivising nodes to contribute their bandwidth and relay data. The SWAP system is functional but it is switched off by default. Storage incentives (punitive insurance) to protect availability of rarely-accessed content is planned to be operational in \u003c!-- -->\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"chakra-link css-ug8vf0\" href=\"https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/projects/6\">POC 0.4\u003c!-- -->\u003c/a>. So currently by default, the client uses the blockchain only for domain name resolution.\u003c!-- -->\u003c/p>\n\u003c!-- -->\u003cp class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">With this blog post we are happy to announce the launch of our shiny new Swarm testnet connected to the Ropsten ethereum testchain. The Ethereum Foundation is contributing a 35-strong (will be up to 105) Swarm cluster running on the Azure cloud. It is hosting \u003c!-- -->\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"chakra-link css-ug8vf0\" href=\"http://swarm-gateways.net/bzz:/1b5d887cea699d18560ae6dcaf06676f5064f630978b8031d9beb6fbddd82a82\">the Swarm homepage\u003c!-- -->\u003c/a>.\u003c!-- -->\u003c/p>\n\u003c!-- -->\u003cp class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">We consider this testnet as the first public pilot, and the community is welcome to join the network, contribute resources, and help us find issues, identify painpoints and give feedback on useability. Instructions can be found in the \u003c!-- -->\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"chakra-link css-ug8vf0\" href=\"https://swarm-guide.readthedocs.io\">Swarm guide\u003c!-- -->\u003c/a>. We encourage those who can afford to run persistent nodes (nodes that stay online) to \u003c!-- -->\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"chakra-link css-ug8vf0\" href=\"https://gitter.im/ethereum/swarm\">get in touch\u003c!-- -->\u003c/a>. We have already received promises for 100TB deployments.\u003c!-- -->\u003c/p>\n\u003c!-- -->\u003cp class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">Note that the testnet offers no guarantees! Data may be lost or become unavailable. Indeed guarantees of persistence cannot be made at least until the storage insurance incentive layer is implemented (scheduled for \u003c!-- -->\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"chakra-link css-ug8vf0\" href=\"https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/projects/6\">POC 0.4\u003c!-- -->\u003c/a>).\u003c!-- -->\u003c/p>\n\u003c!-- -->\u003cp class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">We envision shaping this project with more and more community involvement, so we are inviting those interested to join our \u003c!-- -->\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"chakra-link css-ug8vf0\" href=\"https://gitter.im/ethereum/swarm\">public discussion rooms on gitter\u003c!-- -->\u003c/a>. We would like to lay the groundwork for this dialogue with a series of blog posts about the technology and ideology behind Swarm in particular and about Web3 in general. The first post in this series will introduce the ingredients and operation of Swarm as currently functional.\u003c!-- -->\u003c/p>\n\u003c!-- -->\u003cstyle data-emotion=\"css 1w54o5f\">.css-1w54o5f{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-3xl);line-height:1.33;margin-top:var(--chakra-space-12);margin-bottom:var(--chakra-space-4);text-align:start;}@media screen and (min-width: 360px){.css-1w54o5f{line-height:1.2;}}@media screen and (min-width: 768px){.css-1w54o5f{font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-4xl);margin-top:var(--chakra-space-1);margin-bottom:var(--chakra-space-7);}}\u003c/style>\u003ch2 class=\"chakra-heading css-1w54o5f\" id=\"what-is-swarm-after-all\">What is Swarm after all?\u003c!-- -->\u003c/h2>\n\u003c!-- -->\u003cp class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">Swarm is a distributed storage platform and content distribution service; a native base layer service of the ethereum Web3 stack. The objective is a peer-to-peer storage and serving solution that has zero downtime, is DDOS-resistant, fault-tolerant and censorship-resistant as well as self-sustaining due to a built-in incentive system. The incentive layer uses peer-to-peer accounting for bandwidth, deposit-based storage incentives and allows trading resources for payment. Swarm is designed to deeply integrate with the devp2p multiprotocol network layer of Ethereum as well as with the Ethereum blockchain for domain name resolution, service payments and content availability insurance. Nodes on the current testnet use the Ropsten testchain for domain name resolution only, with incentivisation switched off. The primary objective of Swarm is to provide decentralised and redundant storage of Ethereum's public record, in particular storing and distributing dapp code and data as well as blockchain data.\u003c!-- -->\u003c/p>\n\u003c!-- -->\u003cp class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">There are two major features that set Swarm apart from other decentralised distributed storage solutions. While existing services (Bittorrent, Zeronet, IPFS) allow you to register and share the content you host on your server, Swarm provides the hosting itself as a decentralised cloud storage service. There is a genuine sense that you can just 'upload and disappear': you upload your content to the swarm and retrieve it later, all potentially without a hard disk. Swarm aspires to be the generic storage and delivery service that, when ready, caters to use-cases ranging from serving low-latency real-time interactive web applications to acting as guaranteed persistent storage for rarely used content.\u003c!-- -->\u003c/p>\n\u003c!-- -->\u003cp class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">The other major feature is the incentive system. The beauty of decentralised consensus of computation and state is that it allows programmable rulesets for communities, networks, and decentralised services that solve their coordination problems by implementing transparent self-enforcing incentives. Such incentive systems model individual participants as agents following their rational self-interest, yet the network's emergent behaviour is massively more beneficial to the participants than without coordination.\u003c!-- -->\u003c/p>\n\u003c!-- -->\u003cp class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">Not long after Vitalik's whitepaper the Ethereum dev core realised that a generalised blockchain is a crucial missing piece of the puzzle needed, alongside existing peer-to-peer technologies, to run a fully decentralised internet. The idea of having separate protocols (shh for Whisper, bzz for Swarm, eth for the blockchain) was introduced in May 2014 by Gavin and Vitalik who imagined the Ethereum ecosystem within the grand crypto 2.0 vision of \u003c!-- -->\u003cem class=\"chakra-text css-0\">the third web\u003c!-- -->\u003c/em>. The Swarm project is a prime example of a system where incentivisation will allow participants to efficiently pool their storage and bandwidth resources in order to provide global content services to all participants. We could say that the smart contracts of the incentives implement the \u003c!-- -->\u003cem class=\"chakra-text css-0\">hive mind of the swarm\u003c!-- -->\u003c/em>.\u003c!-- -->\u003c/p>\n\u003c!-- -->\u003cp class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">A thorough synthesis of our research into these issues led to the publication of the first two \u003c!-- -->\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"chakra-link css-ug8vf0\" href=\"http://swarm-gateways.net/bzz:/theswarm.test/orange-papers/1/sw%5E3.pdf\">orange papers\u003c!-- -->\u003c/a>. Incentives are also explained in \u003c!-- -->\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"chakra-link css-ug8vf0\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RF8L6V_E-MM\">the devcon2 talk about the Swarm incentive system\u003c!-- -->\u003c/a>. More details to come in future posts.\u003c!-- -->\u003c/p>\n\u003c!-- -->\u003ch2 class=\"chakra-heading css-1w54o5f\" id=\"how-does-swarm-work\">How does Swarm work?\u003c!-- -->\u003c/h2>\n\u003c!-- -->\u003cp class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">Swarm is a network, a service and a protocol (rules). A Swarm network is a network of nodes running a wire protocol called bzz using the ethereum devp2p/rlpx network stack as the underlay transport. The Swarm protocol (bzz) defines a mode of interaction. At its core, Swarm implements a \u003c!-- -->\u003cem class=\"chakra-text css-0\">distributed content-addressed chunk store\u003c!-- -->\u003c/em>. Chunks are arbitrary data blobs with a fixed maximum size (currently 4KB). Content addressing means that the address of any chunk is deterministically derived from its content. The addressing scheme falls back on a hash function which takes a chunk as input and returns a 32-byte long key as output. A hash function is irreversible, collision free and uniformly distributed (indeed this is what makes bitcoin, and in general proof-of-work, work).\u003c!-- -->\u003c/p>\n\u003c!-- -->\u003cp class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">This hash of a chunk is the address that clients can use to retrieve the chunk (the hash's \u003c!-- -->\u003cem class=\"chakra-text css-0\">preimage\u003c!-- -->\u003c/em>). Irreversible and collision-free addressing immediately provides integrity protection: no matter the context of how a client knows about an address,\nit can tell if the chunk is damaged or has been tampered with just by hashing it.\u003c!-- -->\u003c/p>\n\u003c!-- -->\u003cp class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">Swarm's main offering as a distributed chunkstore is that you can upload content to it.\nThe nodes constituting the Swarm all dedicate resources (diskspace, memory, bandwidth and CPU) to store and serve chunks. But what determines who is keeping a chunk?\nSwarm nodes have an address (the hash of the address of their \u003c!-- -->\u003cem class=\"chakra-text css-0\">bzz-account\u003c!-- -->\u003c/em>) in the same keyspace as the chunks themselves. Lets call this address space the \u003c!-- -->\u003cem class=\"chakra-text css-0\">overlay network\u003c!-- -->\u003c/em>. If we upload a chunk to the Swarm, the protocol determines that it will eventually end up being stored at nodes that are closest to the chunk's address (according to a well-defined distance measure on the overlay address space). The process by which chunks get to their address is called syncing and is part of the protocol. Nodes that later want to retrieve the content can find it again by forwarding a query to nodes that are close the the content's address. Indeed, when a node needs a chunk, it simply posts a request to the Swarm with the address of the content, and the Swarm will forward the requests until the data is found (or the request times out). In this regard, Swarm is similar to a traditional \u003c!-- -->\u003cem class=\"chakra-text css-0\">distributed hash table (DHT)\u003c!-- -->\u003c/em> but with two important (and under-researched) features.\u003c!-- -->\u003c/p>\n\u003c!-- -->\u003cp class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">Swarm uses a set of TCP/IP connections in which each node has a set of (semi-)permanent peers. All wire protocol messages between nodes are relayed from node to node hopping on active peer connections. Swarm nodes actively manage their peer connections to maintain a particular set of connections, which enables syncing and content-retrieval by key-based routing. Thus, a chunk-to-be-stored or a content-retrieval-request message can always be efficiently routed along these peer connections to the nodes that are nearest to the content's address. \u003c!-- -->\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"chakra-link css-ug8vf0\" href=\"http://swarm-guide.readthedocs.io/en/latest/architecture.html#peer-management-hive-kademlia\">This flavour of the routing scheme is called \u003c!-- -->\u003cem class=\"chakra-text css-0\">forwarding Kademlia\u003c!-- -->\u003c/em>.\u003c!-- -->\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003c!-- -->\u003cp class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">Combined with the SWAP incentive system, a node's rational self-interest dictates opportunistic caching behaviour: The node caches all relayed chunks locally so they can be the ones to serve it next time it is requested. As a consequence of this behavior, popular content ends up being replicated more redundantly across the network, essentially decreasing the latency of retrievals\u003c!-- -->\u003cstrong> -\u003c!-- -->\u003c/strong> we say that [call this phemon/outcome/?] Swarm is 'auto-scaling' as a distribution network. Furthermore, this caching behaviour unburdens the original custodians from potential DDOS attacks. SWAP incentivises nodes to cache all content they encounter, until their storage space has been filled up. In fact, caching incoming chunks of average expected utility is always a good strategy even if you need to expunge older chunks.\nThe best predictor of demand for a chunk is the rate of requests in the past. Thus it is rational to remove chunks requested the longest time ago. So content that falls out of fashion, goes out of date, or never was popular to begin with, will be garbage collected and removed unless protected by insurance. The upshot is that nodes will end up fully utilizing their dedicated resources to the benefit of users. Such organic auto-scaling makes Swarm a kind of maximum-utilisation elastic cloud.\u003c!-- -->\u003c/p>\n\u003c!-- -->\u003ch2 class=\"chakra-heading css-1w54o5f\" id=\"documents-and-the-swarm-hash\">Documents and the Swarm hash\u003c!-- -->\u003c/h2>\n\u003c!-- -->\u003cp class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">Now we've explained how Swarm functions as a distributed chunk store (fix-sized preimage archive), you may wonder, where do chunks come from and why do I care?\u003c!-- -->\u003c/p>\n\u003c!-- -->\u003cp class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">On the API layer Swarm provides a chunker. The chunker takes any kind of readable source, such as a file or a video camera capture device, and chops it into fix-sized chunks. These so-called data chunks or leaf chunks are hashed and then synced with peers. The hashes of the data chunks are then packaged into chunks themselves (called intermediate chunks) and the process is repeated. Currently 128 hashes make up a new chunk. As a result the data is represented by a merkle tree, and it is the root hash of the tree that acts as the address you use to retrieve the uploaded file.\u003c!-- -->\u003c/p>\n\u003c!-- -->\u003cp class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">When you retrieve this 'file', you look up the root hash and download its preimage. If the preimage is an intermediate chunk, it is interpreted as a series of hashes to address chunks on a lower level. Eventually the process reaches the data level and the content can be served. An important property of a merklised chunk tree is that it provides integrity protection (what you seek is what you get) even on partial reads. For example, this means that you can skip back and forth in a large movie file and still be certain that the data has not been tampered with. advantages of using smaller units (4kb chunk size) include parallelisation of content fetching and less wasted traffic in case of network failures.\u003c!-- -->\u003c/p>\n\u003c!-- -->\u003ch2 class=\"chakra-heading css-1w54o5f\" id=\"manifests-and-urls\">Manifests and URLs\u003c!-- -->\u003c/h2>\n\u003c!-- -->\u003cp class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">On top of the chunk merkle trees, Swarm provides a crucial third layer of organising content: \u003c!-- -->\u003cem class=\"chakra-text css-0\">manifest\u003c!-- -->\u003c/em> files. A \u003c!-- -->\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"chakra-link css-ug8vf0\" href=\"http://swarm-guide.readthedocs.io/en/latest/usage.html#manifests\">manifest\u003c!-- -->\u003c/a> is a json array of manifest entries. An entry minimally specifies a path, a content type and a hash pointing to the actual content. Manifests allow you to create a virtual site hosted on Swarm, which provides url-based addressing by always assuming that the host part of the url points to a manifest, and the path is matched against the paths of manifest entries. Manifest entries can point to other manifests, so they can be recursively embedded, which allows manifests to be coded as a compacted trie efficiently scaling to huge datasets (i.e., Wikipedia or YouTube). Manifests can also be thought of as sitemaps or routing tables that map url strings to content. Since each step of the way we either have merkelised structures or content addresses, manifests provide integrity protection for an entire site.\u003c!-- -->\u003c/p>\n\u003c!-- -->\u003cp class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">Manifests can be read and directly traversed using the bzzr url scheme. This use is demonstrated by the \u003c!-- -->\u003cem class=\"chakra-text css-0\">Swarm Explorer\u003c!-- -->\u003c/em>, \u003c!-- -->\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"chakra-link css-ug8vf0\" href=\"https://github.com/ethereum/swarm-dapps/tree/master/examples/filemanager\">an example Swarm dapp\u003c!-- -->\u003c/a> that displays manifest entries as if they were files on a disk organised in directories. Manifests can easily be interpreted as directory trees so a directory and a virtual host can be seen as the same. A simple decentralised dropbox implementation can be based on this feature. The Swarm Explorer is \u003c!-- -->\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"chakra-link css-ug8vf0\" href=\"http://swarm-gateways.net/bzz:/explorer.test\">up on swarm\u003c!-- -->\u003c/a>: you can use it to browse any virtual site by putting a manifest's address hash in the url: \u003c!-- -->\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"chakra-link css-ug8vf0\" href=\"http://swarm-gateways.net/bzz:/explorer.test/#/explorer.test\">this link will show the explorer browsing its own source code\u003c!-- -->\u003c/a>.\u003c!-- -->\u003c/p>\n\u003c!-- -->\u003cp class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">Hash-based addressing is \u003c!-- -->\u003cem class=\"chakra-text css-0\">immutable\u003c!-- -->\u003c/em>, which means there is no way you can overwrite or change the content of a document under a fixed address. However, since chunks are synced to other nodes, Swarm is immutable in the stronger sense that if something is uploaded to Swarm, it cannot be unseen, unpublished, revoked or removed. For this reason alone, be extra careful with what you share. However you can change a site by creating a new manifest that contains new entries or drops old ones. This operation is cheap since it does not require moving any of the actual content referenced. The \u003c!-- -->\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"chakra-link css-ug8vf0\" href=\"http://swarm-gateways.net/bzz:/album.test\">photo album\u003c!-- -->\u003c/a> is another Swarm dapp that demonstrates how this is done. \u003c!-- -->\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"chakra-link css-ug8vf0\" href=\"https://github.com/ethereum/swarm-dapps/tree/master/examples/album\">the source on github\u003c!-- -->\u003c/a>. If you want your updates to show continuity or need an anchor to display the latest version of your content, you need name based mutable addresses. This is where the blockchain, the Ethereum Name Service and domain names come in. A more complete way to track changes is to use version control, like git or \u003c!-- -->\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"chakra-link css-ug8vf0\" href=\"https://github.com/axic/mango\">mango, a git using Swarm (or IPFS) as its backend\u003c!-- -->\u003c/a>.\u003c!-- -->\u003c/p>\n\u003c!-- -->\u003ch2 class=\"chakra-heading css-1w54o5f\" id=\"ethereum-name-service\">Ethereum Name Service\u003c!-- -->\u003c/h2>\n\u003c!-- -->\u003cp class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">In order to authorise changes or publish updates, we need domain names. For a proper domain name service you need the blockchain and some governance. Swarm uses the \u003c!-- -->\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"chakra-link css-ug8vf0\" href=\"https://github.com/ethereum/ens/wiki\">Ethereum Name Service (ENS)\u003c!-- -->\u003c/a> to \u003c!-- -->\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"chakra-link css-ug8vf0\" href=\"http://swarm-guide.readthedocs.io/en/latest/usage.html#ethereum-name-service\">resolve domain names\u003c!-- -->\u003c/a> to Swarm hashes. Tools are provided to interact with the ENS to acquire and manage domains. The ENS is crucial as it is the bridge between the blockchain and Swarm.\u003c!-- -->\u003c/p>\n\u003c!-- -->\u003cp class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">If you use the \u003c!-- -->\u003ca class=\"chakra-link css-ug8vf0\" href=\"javascript:void(0)\">Swarm proxy\u003c!-- -->\u003c/a> for browsing, the client assumes that the domain (the part after bzz:/ up to the first slash) resolves to a content hash via ENS. Thanks to the proxy and the standard url scheme handler interface, \u003c!-- -->\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"chakra-link css-ug8vf0\" href=\"https://www.reddit.com/r/ethereum/comments/51zr5r/notice_the_bzz_on_the_url_bar_this_is_mist/?ref=search_posts\">Mist integration\u003c!-- -->\u003c/a> should be blissfully easy for Mist's official debut with Metropolis.\u003c!-- -->\u003c/p>\n\u003c!-- -->\u003cp class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"chakra-link css-ug8vf0\" href=\"https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/projects/6\">Our roadmap\u003c!-- -->\u003c/a> is ambitious: Swarm 0.3 comes with an extensive rewrite of the network layer and the syncing protocol, obfuscation and double masking for plausible deniability, kademlia routed p2p messaging, improved bandwidth accounting and extended manifests with http header support and metadata. Swarm 0.4 is planned to ship client side redundancy with erasure coding, scan and repair with proof of custody, encryrption support, adaptive transmission channels for multicast streams and the long-awaited storage insurance and litigation.\u003c!-- -->\u003c/p>\n\u003c!-- -->\u003cp class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">In future posts, we will discuss obfuscation and plausible deniability, proof of custody and storage insurance, internode messaging and the network testing and simulation framework, and more. 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data-hovercard-type=\"user\" data-hovercard-url=\"/users/chriseth/hovercard\" data-octo-click=\"hovercard-link-click\" data-octo-dimensions=\"link_type:self\" href=\"/chriseth\">chriseth\u003c/a>\n\n released this\n\n \u003crelative-time class=\"no-wrap\" prefix=\"\" datetime=\"2016-12-15T13:00:34Z\">\n 15 Dec 13:00\n \u003c/relative-time>\n \u003c/div>\n\n \n\n \u003cdiv class=\"mr-4 mb-2\">\n \u003ca href=\"/ethereum/solidity/tree/v0.4.7\" data-view-component=\"true\" class=\"Link--muted\">\n \u003cspan data-view-component=\"true\" class=\"css-truncate css-truncate-target\">\n \u003csvg aria-label=\"Tag\" role=\"img\" height=\"16\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" data-view-component=\"true\" class=\"octicon octicon-tag\">\n \u003cpath d=\"M1 7.775V2.75C1 1.784 1.784 1 2.75 1h5.025c.464 0 .91.184 1.238.513l6.25 6.25a1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 2.474l-5.026 5.026a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-2.474 0l-6.25-6.25A1.752 1.752 0 0 1 1 7.775Zm1.5 0c0 .066.026.13.073.177l6.25 6.25a.25.25 0 0 0 .354 0l5.025-5.025a.25.25 0 0 0 0-.354l-6.25-6.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.177-.073H2.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25ZM6 5a1 1 0 1 1 0 2 1 1 0 0 1 0-2Z\">\u003c/path>\n\u003c/svg>\n \u003cspan class=\"ml-1\">\n v0.4.7\n \u003c/span>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/a> \n \u003c/div>\n \u003cdiv class=\"mr-4 mb-2\" style=\"position: relative; top: 1px;\">\n \u003ca data-hovercard-type=\"commit\" data-hovercard-url=\"/ethereum/solidity/commit/822622cf5bf23e79a6e2292cb837d1a39ca1c419/hovercard\" href=\"/ethereum/solidity/commit/822622cf5bf23e79a6e2292cb837d1a39ca1c419\" data-view-component=\"true\" class=\"Link--muted\">\n \u003csvg aria-label=\"Commit\" role=\"img\" height=\"16\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" data-view-component=\"true\" class=\"octicon octicon-git-commit\">\n \u003cpath d=\"M11.93 8.5a4.002 4.002 0 0 1-7.86 0H.75a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h3.32a4.002 4.002 0 0 1 7.86 0h3.32a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5Zm-1.43-.75a2.5 2.5 0 1 0-5 0 2.5 2.5 0 0 0 5 0Z\">\u003c/path>\n\u003c/svg>\n \u003ccode class=\"f5 ml-1\">822622c\u003c/code>\n\u003c/a> \n \u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\n \u003c/div>\n \u003cdiv data-pjax=\"true\" data-test-selector=\"body-content\" data-view-component=\"true\" class=\"markdown-body my-3\">\u003cp>Features:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Bitshift operators.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Type checker: Warn when \u003ccode>msg.value\u003c/code> is used in non-payable function.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Code generator: Inject the Swarm hash of a metadata file into the bytecode.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Code generator: Replace expensive memcpy precompile by simple assembly loop.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Optimizer: Some dead code elimination.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Bugfixes:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Code generator: throw if calling the identity precompile failed during memory (array) copying.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Type checker: string literals that are not valid UTF-8 cannot be converted to string type\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Code generator: any non-zero value given as a boolean 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href=\"https://t.umblr.com/redirect?z=https%3A%2F%2Fchainy.info%2F&t=OWZiMTRiOGQ5MjYxNDg3NTUzYWYwNzk4NWM4MmI1YTU2NTI2N2Q5ZixqYWNXaGplcg%3D%3D&b=t%3AQ8svKXOQOFn4j1wJ-IeWRA&p=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weekinethereum.com%2Fpost%2F155103325748%2Fdecember-18-2016&m=0\">Chainy\u003c/a> – trustless URL shorteners built on the Ethereum chain","__at":"2025-02-18T08:20:32.776Z","safeId":"pwr_wien_20161218_13","origin":"weekinethereumnews.com"},"pwr_wien_20161218_16":{"original":{"category":"Token Sales"},"title":"Two white papers released:iEx.ec – distributed computingEtherisc – decentralized 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href=\"https://t.umblr.com/redirect?z=http%3A%2F%2Fiex.ec%2F%3Fpage_id%3D186&t=NzU4NWZmMDRhODMyMDAxNjZhOWI3ZmI5OGEyZmM2NzcxMmEwYmE5OSxqYWNXaGplcg%3D%3D&b=t%3AQ8svKXOQOFn4j1wJ-IeWRA&p=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weekinethereum.com%2Fpost%2F155103325748%2Fdecember-18-2016&m=0\">iEx.ec\u003c/a> – distributed computing\u003cbr>","__at":"2025-02-18T08:20:32.776Z","safeId":"pwr_wien_20161218_17","origin":"weekinethereumnews.com"},"pwr_wien_20161218_35":{"original":{"category":"General"},"title":"Vitalik TV interview with CNBC India and part 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href=\"https://t.umblr.com/redirect?z=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DlCRna2B9DHw%26feature%3Dshare&t=ODg2MWQ4NTNiNmI1NjgxN2ZhY2IxZDUwMDU4NzE0NTBjNDc5YmY1NyxqYWNXaGplcg%3D%3D&b=t%3AQ8svKXOQOFn4j1wJ-IeWRA&p=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weekinethereum.com%2Fpost%2F155103325748%2Fdecember-18-2016&m=0\">CNBC India\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://t.umblr.com/redirect?z=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DY5q-uwGp5dI&t=MWJjN2YxZGJlODU2ODVhOTE0Yjg2YzU2NTljYjFmNzYzZTNmODc4ZixqYWNXaGplcg%3D%3D&b=t%3AQ8svKXOQOFn4j1wJ-IeWRA&p=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weekinethereum.com%2Fpost%2F155103325748%2Fdecember-18-2016&m=0\">part 2\u003c/a>.","__at":"2025-02-18T08:20:32.776Z","safeId":"pwr_wien_20161218_35","origin":"weekinethereumnews.com"},"pwr_wien_20161218_4":{"original":{"category":"Protocol"},"title":"Solidity 0.4.7 releasedA new Solidity Assembly / Intermediate Language out as well","author":"evn","replies":[],"directReplies":[],"upvotes":1,"indicators":[],"topics":[],"context":{},"gotReplies":false,"pinned":{},"editorializers":{},"parents":[],"referrals":[],"_id":"pwr_wien_20161218_4","updates":2,"time":1482058800000,"first":1575472828936,"url":"https://weekinethereumnews.com/week-in-ethereum-news-december-18-2016/#/Solidity_0.4.7_releasedA","link":"https://t.umblr.com/redirect?z=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fethereum%2Fsolidity%2Freleases%2Ftag%2Fv0.4.7&t=NmFjOGJkMjQzMWQyYzI5MDE2NjQ3NGUyMmM0MmZmN2JhMzY1MGVlMCxqYWNXaGplcg%3D%3D&b=t%3AQ8svKXOQOFn4j1wJ-IeWRA&p=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weekinethereum.com%2Fpost%2F155103325748%2Fdecember-18-2016&m=0","source":"weekinethereumnews.com","added":"2021-04-28T08:10:00.214Z","channel":[],"replyTo":"github.com/ethereum/solidity/releases/tag/v0.4.7","totalUpvotes":0,"score":0,"html":"\u003ca href=\"https://t.umblr.com/redirect?z=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fethereum%2Fsolidity%2Freleases%2Ftag%2Fv0.4.7&t=NmFjOGJkMjQzMWQyYzI5MDE2NjQ3NGUyMmM0MmZmN2JhMzY1MGVlMCxqYWNXaGplcg%3D%3D&b=t%3AQ8svKXOQOFn4j1wJ-IeWRA&p=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weekinethereum.com%2Fpost%2F155103325748%2Fdecember-18-2016&m=0\">Solidity 0.4.7\u003c/a> released\u003cul>\u003cli>A new \u003ca href=\"https://t.umblr.com/redirect?z=https%3A%2F%2Fgist.github.com%2Fchriseth%2Fc0134220b72ca860a4d28e4d94df5021&t=MzMzM2ViMjI2ZGYxMmRjODI1YzlhYzE5MTM3NzdiOGJlMGI5MmFkNyxqYWNXaGplcg%3D%3D&b=t%3AQ8svKXOQOFn4j1wJ-IeWRA&p=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weekinethereum.com%2Fpost%2F155103325748%2Fdecember-18-2016&m=0\">Solidity Assembly / Intermediate Language\u003c/a> out as well\u003cbr>\u003c/li>\u003c/ul>","__at":"2025-02-18T08:20:32.776Z","safeId":"pwr_wien_20161218_4","origin":"weekinethereumnews.com"},"medium.com/@lrettig/how-open-is-too-open-bfc412cf0d24":{"original":{"data":"\u003chtml lang=\"en\" data-rh=\"lang\">\u003cscript 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On transparency, governance, and the… | by Lane Rettig | Medium\u003c/title>\u003cmeta data-rh=\"true\" charset=\"utf-8\">\u003cmeta data-rh=\"true\" name=\"viewport\" content=\"width=device-width,minimum-scale=1,initial-scale=1,maximum-scale=1\">\u003cmeta data-rh=\"true\" name=\"theme-color\" content=\"#000000\">\u003cmeta data-rh=\"true\" name=\"twitter:app:name:iphone\" content=\"Medium\">\u003cmeta data-rh=\"true\" name=\"twitter:app:id:iphone\" content=\"828256236\">\u003cmeta data-rh=\"true\" property=\"al:ios:app_name\" content=\"Medium\">\u003cmeta data-rh=\"true\" property=\"al:ios:app_store_id\" content=\"828256236\">\u003cmeta data-rh=\"true\" property=\"al:android:package\" content=\"com.medium.reader\">\u003cmeta data-rh=\"true\" property=\"fb:app_id\" content=\"542599432471018\">\u003cmeta data-rh=\"true\" property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Medium\">\u003cmeta data-rh=\"true\" property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\">\u003cmeta data-rh=\"true\" property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2019-01-13T01:03:07.280Z\">\u003cmeta data-rh=\"true\" name=\"title\" content=\"How open is too open?. 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fill-rule=\"evenodd\" clip-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M3.57 14.67c0-.57.13-1.11.38-1.6l.02-.02v-.02l.02-.02c0-.02 0-.02.02-.02.12-.26.3-.52.57-.8L7.78 9v-.02l.01-.02c.44-.41.91-.7 1.44-.85a4.87 4.87 0 0 0-1.19 2.36A5.04 5.04 0 0 0 8 11.6L6.04 13.6c-.19.19-.32.4-.38.65a2 2 0 0 0 0 .9c.08.2.2.4.38.57l1.29 1.31c.27.28.62.42 1.03.42.42 0 .78-.14 1.06-.42l1.23-1.25.79-.78 1.15-1.16c.08-.09.19-.22.28-.4.1-.2.15-.42.15-.67 0-.16-.02-.3-.06-.45l-.02-.02v-.02l-.07-.14s0-.03-.04-.06l-.06-.13-.02-.02c0-.02 0-.03-.02-.05a.6.6 0 0 0-.14-.16l-.48-.5c0-.04.02-.1.04-.15l.06-.12 1.17-1.14.09-.09.56.57c.02.04.08.1.16.18l.05.04.03.06.04.05.03.04.04.06.1.14.02.02c0 .02.01.03.03.04l.1.2v.02c.1.16.2.38.3.68a1 1 0 0 1 .04.25 3.2 3.2 0 0 1 .02 1.33 3.49 3.49 0 0 1-.95 1.87l-.66.67-.97.97-1.56 1.57a3.4 3.4 0 0 1-2.47 1.02c-.97 0-1.8-.34-2.49-1.03l-1.3-1.3a3.55 3.55 0 0 1-1-2.51v-.01h-.02v.02zm5.39-3.43c0-.19.02-.4.07-.63.13-.74.44-1.37.95-1.87l.66-.67.97-.98 1.56-1.56c.68-.69 1.5-1.03 2.47-1.03.97 0 1.8.34 2.48 1.02l1.3 1.32a3.48 3.48 0 0 1 1 2.48c0 .58-.11 1.11-.37 1.6l-.02.02v.02l-.02.04c-.14.27-.35.54-.6.8L16.23 15l-.01.02-.01.02c-.44.42-.92.7-1.43.83a4.55 4.55 0 0 0 1.23-3.52L18 10.38c.18-.21.3-.42.35-.65a2.03 2.03 0 0 0-.01-.9 1.96 1.96 0 0 0-.36-.58l-1.3-1.3a1.49 1.49 0 0 0-1.06-.42c-.42 0-.77.14-1.06.4l-1.2 1.27-.8.8-1.16 1.15c-.08.08-.18.21-.29.4a1.66 1.66 0 0 0-.08 1.12l.02.03v.02l.06.14s.01.03.05.06l.06.13.02.02.01.02.01.02c.05.08.1.13.14.16l.47.5c0 .04-.02.09-.04.15l-.06.12-1.15 1.15-.1.08-.56-.56a2.3 2.3 0 0 0-.18-.19c-.02-.01-.02-.03-.02-.04l-.02-.02a.37.37 0 0 1-.1-.12c-.03-.03-.05-.04-.05-.06l-.1-.15-.02-.02-.02-.04-.08-.17v-.02a5.1 5.1 0 0 1-.28-.69 1.03 1.03 0 0 1-.04-.26c-.06-.23-.1-.46-.1-.7v.01z\" fill=\"#A8A8A8\">\u003c/path>\u003c/svg>\u003c/span>\u003c/button>\u003c/div>\u003c/div>\u003c/div>\u003cdiv class=\"bl l\">\u003cdiv>\u003cdiv class=\"bk\" aria-hidden=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"11\" aria-labelledby=\"11\">\u003c/div>\u003c/div>\u003c/div>\u003c/div>\u003c/header>\u003cspan class=\"l\">\u003c/span>\u003csection>\u003cdiv>\u003cdiv class=\"es gk gl gm gn go\">\u003c/div>\u003cdiv class=\"gp gq gr gs gt\">\u003cdiv class=\"\">\u003ch1 id=\"03bf\" class=\"pw-post-title gu gv gw bd gx gy gz ha hb hc hd he hf hg hh hi hj hk hl hm hn ho hp hq hr hs bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">How open is too open?\u003c/h1>\u003c/div>\u003cdiv class=\"\">\u003ch2 id=\"690b\" class=\"pw-subtitle-paragraph ht gv gw bd b hu hv hw hx hy hz ia ib ic id ie if ig ih ii ij ik ft\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">On transparency, governance, and the challenge of keeping Ethereum alive\u003c/h2>\u003c/div>\u003cfigure class=\"im in io ip ek iq dy dz paragraph-image\">\u003cdiv role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"ir is di it bf iu\">\u003cdiv class=\"dy dz il\">\u003cpicture>\u003csource srcset=\"https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*RNRpqxKufsuuNLEBFRucnQ.jpeg 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/format:webp/1*RNRpqxKufsuuNLEBFRucnQ.jpeg 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/format:webp/1*RNRpqxKufsuuNLEBFRucnQ.jpeg 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/format:webp/1*RNRpqxKufsuuNLEBFRucnQ.jpeg 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/format:webp/1*RNRpqxKufsuuNLEBFRucnQ.jpeg 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*RNRpqxKufsuuNLEBFRucnQ.jpeg 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/format:webp/1*RNRpqxKufsuuNLEBFRucnQ.jpeg 1400w\" sizes=\"(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" type=\"image/webp\">\u003csource data-testid=\"og\" srcset=\"https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/1*RNRpqxKufsuuNLEBFRucnQ.jpeg 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/1*RNRpqxKufsuuNLEBFRucnQ.jpeg 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/1*RNRpqxKufsuuNLEBFRucnQ.jpeg 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/1*RNRpqxKufsuuNLEBFRucnQ.jpeg 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/1*RNRpqxKufsuuNLEBFRucnQ.jpeg 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/1*RNRpqxKufsuuNLEBFRucnQ.jpeg 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/1*RNRpqxKufsuuNLEBFRucnQ.jpeg 1400w\" sizes=\"(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003cimg alt=\"\" class=\"bf iv iw c\" width=\"700\" height=\"464\" loading=\"eager\" role=\"presentation\" src=\"https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:700/1*RNRpqxKufsuuNLEBFRucnQ.jpeg\">\u003c/picture>\u003c/div>\u003c/div>\u003cfigcaption class=\"ix iy ea dy dz iz ja bd b be z ft\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">The Fellowship of Ethereum Magicians Council of Prague in October. This was the largest in-person Ethereum governance gathering to date.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\u003cp id=\"f416\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">A political storm is brewing in Ethereum over the question of transparency. How are decisions about the protocol made? Who is responsible for those decisions? What obligation do those decision makers have to be transparent about the processes that go into that decision making, and how much of that process needs to be transparent?\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"e179\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">This is my attempt to put things in a broader context and to explain what happened, why it matters, and where we should go from here.\u003c/p>\u003ch1 id=\"37b1\" class=\"jx jy gw bd jz ka kb kc kd ke kf kg kh ic ki id kj if kk ig kl ii km ij kn ko bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">What happened?\u003c/h1>\u003cp id=\"ed6a\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je kp hx jg jh kq ia jj jk kr jm jn jo ks jq jr js kt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">At the recent DevCon IV conference in Prague, a group of stakeholders held a series of meetings to discuss the Ethereum roadmap. One of the outcomes of these meetings was a proposal to invest more aggressively in the existing Ethereum mainnet infrastructure in parallel to the Ethereum 2.0 “Serenity” roadmap, an initiative dubbed “Ethereum 1.x” (#Eth1x for short). Several working groups were formed to further develop the proposal. I was present for several of these meetings. Here’s what happened from my perspective.\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"ba05\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">As \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://twitter.com/koeppelmann/status/1066009668122755073\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">Martin Köppelmann\u003c/a> and \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://gitter.im/ethereum/AllCoreDevs?at=5bf807e9fa7bbb3fe0f088d9\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">Péter Szilágyi\u003c/a> have pointed out, these “meetings” began as a series of ad hoc conversations on the sidelines of DevCon — which, I would argue, is one of the main purposes of an industry conference like DevCon: to get stakeholders who wouldn’t otherwise meet face-to-face into the same room to discuss topics they might not ordinarily discuss in their day-to-day work.\u003c/p>\u003cfigure class=\"im in io ip ek iq dy dz paragraph-image\">\u003cdiv role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"ir is di it bf iu\">\u003cdiv class=\"dy dz il\">\u003cpicture>\u003csource srcset=\"https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*FCUL8DQXHU2QAKfsl3WA0Q.jpeg 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/format:webp/1*FCUL8DQXHU2QAKfsl3WA0Q.jpeg 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/format:webp/1*FCUL8DQXHU2QAKfsl3WA0Q.jpeg 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/format:webp/1*FCUL8DQXHU2QAKfsl3WA0Q.jpeg 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/format:webp/1*FCUL8DQXHU2QAKfsl3WA0Q.jpeg 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*FCUL8DQXHU2QAKfsl3WA0Q.jpeg 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/format:webp/1*FCUL8DQXHU2QAKfsl3WA0Q.jpeg 1400w\" sizes=\"(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" type=\"image/webp\">\u003csource data-testid=\"og\" srcset=\"https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/1*FCUL8DQXHU2QAKfsl3WA0Q.jpeg 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/1*FCUL8DQXHU2QAKfsl3WA0Q.jpeg 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/1*FCUL8DQXHU2QAKfsl3WA0Q.jpeg 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/1*FCUL8DQXHU2QAKfsl3WA0Q.jpeg 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/1*FCUL8DQXHU2QAKfsl3WA0Q.jpeg 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/1*FCUL8DQXHU2QAKfsl3WA0Q.jpeg 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/1*FCUL8DQXHU2QAKfsl3WA0Q.jpeg 1400w\" sizes=\"(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003cimg alt=\"\" class=\"bf iv iw c\" width=\"700\" height=\"403\" loading=\"lazy\" role=\"presentation\" src=\"https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:700/1*FCUL8DQXHU2QAKfsl3WA0Q.jpeg\">\u003c/picture>\u003c/div>\u003c/div>\u003cfigcaption class=\"ix iy ea dy dz iz ja bd b be z ft\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">The Parity, Go Ethereum, and Ewasm teams meet to discuss state growth at DevCon. We were quite literally sitting on the floor, which, in my opinion, is the definition of an ad hoc meeting.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\u003cp id=\"01b7\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">On Day One of DevCon I was chatting with some ConsenSys folks about an unrelated topic and they casually mentioned that they were planning to meet with EF research team member \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"/@djrtwo\">Danny Ryan\u003c/a> later that day to discuss the Ethereum 2.0 roadmap and its implications for the new Pantheon client and its productization. They invited me to join and I accepted since the topic is relevant for our work on \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://github.com/ewasm/design\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">Ewasm\u003c/a>. I invited Casey and Alex from the Ewasm team to join the meeting. There were around 14 attendees at this first meeting, at least half of whom are ConsenSys team members (the partial-but-mostly-complete list of attendees at each meeting is in the \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://docs.google.com/document/d/1IB3oKuH5mryyhmVHE9r3aR6bK2pJCoJgAtiCYTEieh4/edit#\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">published notes\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\u003cfigure class=\"im in io ip ek iq dy dz paragraph-image\">\u003cdiv role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"ir is di it bf iu\">\u003cdiv class=\"dy dz kv\">\u003cpicture>\u003csource srcset=\"https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*H4-YO5Ku9ZqHO2oFrx6Hdg.jpeg 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/format:webp/1*H4-YO5Ku9ZqHO2oFrx6Hdg.jpeg 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/format:webp/1*H4-YO5Ku9ZqHO2oFrx6Hdg.jpeg 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/format:webp/1*H4-YO5Ku9ZqHO2oFrx6Hdg.jpeg 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/format:webp/1*H4-YO5Ku9ZqHO2oFrx6Hdg.jpeg 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*H4-YO5Ku9ZqHO2oFrx6Hdg.jpeg 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/format:webp/1*H4-YO5Ku9ZqHO2oFrx6Hdg.jpeg 1400w\" sizes=\"(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" type=\"image/webp\">\u003csource data-testid=\"og\" srcset=\"https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/1*H4-YO5Ku9ZqHO2oFrx6Hdg.jpeg 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/1*H4-YO5Ku9ZqHO2oFrx6Hdg.jpeg 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/1*H4-YO5Ku9ZqHO2oFrx6Hdg.jpeg 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/1*H4-YO5Ku9ZqHO2oFrx6Hdg.jpeg 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/1*H4-YO5Ku9ZqHO2oFrx6Hdg.jpeg 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/1*H4-YO5Ku9ZqHO2oFrx6Hdg.jpeg 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/1*H4-YO5Ku9ZqHO2oFrx6Hdg.jpeg 1400w\" sizes=\"(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003cimg alt=\"\" class=\"bf iv iw c\" width=\"700\" height=\"388\" loading=\"lazy\" role=\"presentation\" src=\"https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:700/1*H4-YO5Ku9ZqHO2oFrx6Hdg.jpeg\">\u003c/picture>\u003c/div>\u003c/div>\u003cfigcaption class=\"ix iy ea dy dz iz ja bd b be z ft\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">The first Ethereum 1.x meeting. Note the open door :)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\u003cp id=\"18a1\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">The topic quickly turned from the Serenity roadmap to the health of the current Ethereum network and concerns that Péter raised about the growth of the state size. We had less than an hour to chat before the venue closed and we were forced to leave, but we decided to reconvene at the same time the following day.\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"a8ad\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">On Day Two, around 20 people gathered (around half from ConsenSys) to continue the conversation. At this second meeting, Péter proposed a three-prong approach to address the concerns he had previously raised which the group regarded as a reasonable action plan and which has since become known as the “Ethereum 1.x” proposal — outlined in more detail below. Again we ran out of time, and again we decided to reconvene once more to continue the important conversation.\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"f8ce\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">Finally, on the morning of the last day of DevCon, the group met one more time. It was largely the same group as the previous day, with a handful of subtractions and a handful of additions, approximately 25 people total. The focus of this meeting was concrete next steps: we established four working groups, three to explore the technical proposals on the table (more below) and one to collect data. We agreed that each working group would produce a proposal by Nov. 26, that we’d reconvene on a call on Nov. 30, that we’d aim to meet again in person around the \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://cyber.stanford.edu/sbc19\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">Stanford Blockchain Conference\u003c/a> in late January, and that we’d aim to publish a series of EIPs based on our research around that time. We set June 1, 2019 as a target date for getting some of these changes deployed on mainnet.\u003c/p>\u003ch2 id=\"79f9\" class=\"kw jy gw bd jz kx ky kz kd la lb lc kh jk ld le kj jo lf lg kl js lh li kn lj bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">Feel free to share\u003c/h2>\u003cp id=\"2209\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je kp hx jg jh kq ia jj jk kr jm jn jo ks jq jr js kt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">The organizer of the meetings, \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"/@HeymanDaniel\">Daniel Heyman\u003c/a>, a program director at \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://pegasys.tech/\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">PegaSys\u003c/a>, circulated a \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://docs.google.com/document/d/1IB3oKuH5mryyhmVHE9r3aR6bK2pJCoJgAtiCYTEieh4/edit#\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">set of notes\u003c/a> he took during the meetings, with the header “\u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://twitter.com/benjaminion_xyz/status/1065978541454569474\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">Please feel free to share\u003c/a>.” The original intent was to continue the conversation, then to draw up a set of proposals and share those publicly for comment. Someone shared the notes with Coindesk who subsequently published \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://www.coindesk.com/ethereum-developers-are-quietly-planning-an-accelerated-tech-roadmap\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">an article\u003c/a> about the series of meetings and the roadmap, and others who had not been at the meeting expressed frustration that the process had not been more inclusive and transparent.\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"88e7\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">We held a very productive follow-up call on Nov. 30 as planned. The meeting was open to all core developers but at the request of some participants it was \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://decryptmedia.com/2018/11/30/the-sort-of-secret-blockchain/\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">not recorded or livestreamed\u003c/a>, which also \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://twitter.com/5chdn/status/1068847768976932869\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">annoyed some people\u003c/a>. Detailed, unattributed \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://github.com/ethereum/pm/blob/master/All%20Core%20Devs%20Meetings/Eth1x%20Sync%201.md\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">notes were released\u003c/a>. The group still plans to meet in person in San Francisco at the end of January.\u003c/p>\u003ch2 id=\"83a5\" class=\"kw jy gw bd jz kx ky kz kd la lb lc kh jk ld le kj jo lf lg kl js lh li kn lj bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">Open doors and closed doors\u003c/h2>\u003cp id=\"243a\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je kp hx jg jh kq ia jj jk kr jm jn jo ks jq jr js kt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">Who should’ve been in the room? Should we have somehow made an effort to include more people?\u003c/p>\u003cfigure class=\"im in io ip ek iq dy dz paragraph-image\">\u003cdiv role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"ir is di it bf iu\">\u003cdiv class=\"dy dz lk\">\u003cpicture>\u003csource srcset=\"https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*muA-jMq07NCaW0OGh3CgIQ.png 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/format:webp/1*muA-jMq07NCaW0OGh3CgIQ.png 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/format:webp/1*muA-jMq07NCaW0OGh3CgIQ.png 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/format:webp/1*muA-jMq07NCaW0OGh3CgIQ.png 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/format:webp/1*muA-jMq07NCaW0OGh3CgIQ.png 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*muA-jMq07NCaW0OGh3CgIQ.png 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/format:webp/1*muA-jMq07NCaW0OGh3CgIQ.png 1400w\" sizes=\"(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" type=\"image/webp\">\u003csource data-testid=\"og\" srcset=\"https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/1*muA-jMq07NCaW0OGh3CgIQ.png 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/1*muA-jMq07NCaW0OGh3CgIQ.png 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/1*muA-jMq07NCaW0OGh3CgIQ.png 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/1*muA-jMq07NCaW0OGh3CgIQ.png 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/1*muA-jMq07NCaW0OGh3CgIQ.png 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/1*muA-jMq07NCaW0OGh3CgIQ.png 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/1*muA-jMq07NCaW0OGh3CgIQ.png 1400w\" sizes=\"(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003cimg alt=\"\" class=\"bf iv iw c\" width=\"700\" height=\"494\" loading=\"lazy\" role=\"presentation\" src=\"https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:700/1*muA-jMq07NCaW0OGh3CgIQ.png\">\u003c/picture>\u003c/div>\u003c/div>\u003cfigcaption class=\"ix iy ea dy dz iz ja bd b be z ft\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">The \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://github.com/ethereum/pm/blob/master/All%20Core%20Devs%20Meetings/Eth1x%20Sync%201.md\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">Eth1x sync call\u003c/a> on November 30, which was open to all core research and development teams. Attendance peaked at around 45 people, setting a new record for an Ethereum core devs call.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\u003cp id=\"180a\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">It’s my nature to be transparent and inclusive. There are many people I would’ve liked to have included in these meetings. Nevertheless I didn’t invite more for three reasons: 1. As far as I was concerned, the meeting was organized by someone else (ConsenSys), and I was an invited guest. It’s poor form to bring other people to an event that you, yourself, were invited to, without very good reason. (I brought Alex and Casey along because I cannot singlehandedly speak for the Ewasm team, but I didn’t broadcast that invitation more widely.) 2. DevCon is all about ad hoc, serendipitous encounters. I was invited to this meeting because I happened to be chatting with some ConsenSys folks earlier in the day about an unrelated topic. Many others who ended up in the room were there for other serendipitous reasons. Sometimes you have to let serendipity do its thing and I didn’t want to take away from anyone else’s DevCon experience by suggesting that they should attend yet another meeting, when the output of that meeting would be public anyway. 3. There quite literally wasn’t enough room for everyone. The spare breakout rooms at DevCon were designed for 10–15 people, and we had already brought in extra chairs to fit 20+.\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"8f41\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">I’ll come back to the topic of transparency in a moment, but first I want to spend a moment talking about “Ethereum 1.x” to put everything in context.\u003c/p>\u003ch1 id=\"acb7\" class=\"jx jy gw bd jz ka kb kc kd ke kf kg kh ic ki id kj if kk ig kl ii km ij kn ko bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">What is Ethereum 1.x and why does it matter?\u003c/h1>\u003cp id=\"e41a\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je kp hx jg jh kq ia jj jk kr jm jn jo ks jq jr js kt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">A long time ago, the Ethereum roadmap was divided into four overarching phases: Frontier, Homestead, Metropolis, and Serenity. My personal interpretation of the phases are as follows. Frontier was an early proof of concept “alpha” release. Homestead could be thought of as “beta” Ethereum: mostly working and stable but lacking robust security, still rough around the edges, and feature-incomplete. Metropolis is “Ethereum 1.0”: secure and reasonably feature-complete but not yet scalable. Serenity, a.k.a. “Ethereum 2.0,” is the “promised land” for Ethereum: a network that can scale to handle an arbitrarily large number of transactions. There are rumors of a fabled \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://twitter.com/drakefjustin/status/1072593728253104128\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">“Ethereum 3.0”\u003c/a> in the far future but the roadmap becomes fuzzy at this point. (The astute reader should note that, by this logic, Ethereum has \u003cem class=\"ll\">not\u003c/em> \u003cem class=\"ll\">yet\u003c/em> reached a 1.0 release. We’re around 0.9 today. As such, Ethereum should still be \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://twitter.com/vladzamfir/status/838006311598030848?lang=en\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">considered beta software\u003c/a>. Caveat emptor.)\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"e9b5\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">The second phase of Metropolis, dubbed Constantinople, has been \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-1013\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">finalized\u003c/a> and \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://twitter.com/5chdn/status/1065723700559912965\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">tested\u003c/a>, and is \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://twitter.com/peter_szilagyi/status/1071052095535628288\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">scheduled\u003c/a> to be released in mid-January 2019. Meanwhile, most attention and energy for the past year or two has been focused on the Ethereum 2.0 “Serenity” roadmap. This is understandable since Serenity brings major changes to Ethereum, most notably proof of stake (Casper) and sharding.\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"861d\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">For a long time, the consensus in the Ethereum community was that we should focus on Serenity, which was previously expected to begin deployment in 2018, and not attempt to make any breaking changes as part of Metropolis.\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"c517\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">Where did that consensus emerge from? That’s hard to say, and it was before my time. While there are \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://www.coindesk.com/next-gen-buidlers-the-8-teams-working-on-ethereum-2-0\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">many more stakeholders today\u003c/a> who have considerable sway, historically the roadmap was driven by a very small number of people. Figuring out how to adjust to this new, diverse, multi-stakeholder world is part of the central thrust of this article.\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"7b78\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">The situation changed in June when \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"/@djrtwo/casper-️-sharding-28a90077f121\">the decision was made\u003c/a> to combine the hitherto distinct sharding and Casper workstreams (hence, “Shasper,” a tongue-in-cheek reference to Serenity). One result of this change is that the \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QDwaAnhSJk8\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">most aggressive estimates\u003c/a> suggest Serenity won’t begin deployment until 2019.\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"8299\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">This leads to two related but distinct challenges.\u003c/p>\u003ch2 id=\"1f2d\" class=\"kw jy gw bd jz kx ky kz kd la lb lc kh jk ld le kj jo lf lg kl js lh li kn lj bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">The technical challenge\u003c/h2>\u003cfigure class=\"im in io ip ek iq dy dz paragraph-image\">\u003cdiv role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"ir is di it bf iu\">\u003cdiv class=\"dy dz lm\">\u003cpicture>\u003csource srcset=\"https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*xeBve64O_jRkOkFykQXGGQ.png 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/format:webp/1*xeBve64O_jRkOkFykQXGGQ.png 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/format:webp/1*xeBve64O_jRkOkFykQXGGQ.png 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/format:webp/1*xeBve64O_jRkOkFykQXGGQ.png 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/format:webp/1*xeBve64O_jRkOkFykQXGGQ.png 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*xeBve64O_jRkOkFykQXGGQ.png 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/format:webp/1*xeBve64O_jRkOkFykQXGGQ.png 1400w\" sizes=\"(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" type=\"image/webp\">\u003csource data-testid=\"og\" srcset=\"https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/1*xeBve64O_jRkOkFykQXGGQ.png 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/1*xeBve64O_jRkOkFykQXGGQ.png 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/1*xeBve64O_jRkOkFykQXGGQ.png 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/1*xeBve64O_jRkOkFykQXGGQ.png 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/1*xeBve64O_jRkOkFykQXGGQ.png 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/1*xeBve64O_jRkOkFykQXGGQ.png 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/1*xeBve64O_jRkOkFykQXGGQ.png 1400w\" sizes=\"(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003cimg alt=\"\" class=\"bf iv iw c\" width=\"700\" height=\"380\" loading=\"lazy\" role=\"presentation\" src=\"https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:700/1*xeBve64O_jRkOkFykQXGGQ.png\">\u003c/picture>\u003c/div>\u003c/div>\u003cfigcaption class=\"ix iy ea dy dz iz ja bd b be z ft\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">Growth in Ethereum state storage items. From Alexey Akhunov’s \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://github.com/ledgerwatch/eth_state/blob/master/State_rent.pdf\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">storage rent proposal\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\u003cp id=\"a910\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">Making Ethereum work today is extraordinarily challenging. Keeping up with Ethereum mainnet is a constantly, rapidly moving target. The state size continues to grow, requiring cleverer and cleverer engineering to maintain it. Commodity hardware struggles and, these days, \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://gitter.im/ethereum/AllCoreDevs?at=5c113a7d28907a3c7b0c146a\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">mostly fails\u003c/a> to keep up with the head of the chain.\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"1f78\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">At this point it is unclear where the trajectories of state growth, the number of active Ethereum nodes, the size and cost of commodity storage hardware, and the impact of scaling intersect. There is a fear among some core developers that state growth is getting out of hand and needs to be bounded in the not-too-distant future or the existing Ethereum chain may not live to see the light of Serenity’s day.\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"d34d\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">I can speak to the cost personally as I’ve been running a couple of full nodes for the past few months, and I just shut one down because I can no longer afford it. Here’s the breakdown of the AWS charges for running two nodes, \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://dev.to/5chdn/the-ethereum-blockchain-size-will-not-exceed-1tb-anytime-soon-58a\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">one full and one an archival node\u003c/a>, for one recent month. If the requirements and cost of running a node continue to exceed the rate at which commodity hardware improves and cheapens, Ethereum will collapse down to a small, relatively centralized core of nodes run by economically incentivized participants such as Infura and Etherscan. The \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://www.ethernodes.org/network/1\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">total node count\u003c/a> has declined from 30,000 at the start of 2018 to around 9,500 today and it continues to drop. There are multiple reasons for this decline, but the cost and difficulty of running a full node today is doubtless one, if not the main reason.\u003c/p>\u003cfigure class=\"im in io ip ek iq dy dz paragraph-image\">\u003cdiv role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"ir is di it bf iu\">\u003cdiv class=\"dy dz ln\">\u003cpicture>\u003csource srcset=\"https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*yNQtWkI1crb4VjhuTUdWOw.png 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/format:webp/1*yNQtWkI1crb4VjhuTUdWOw.png 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/format:webp/1*yNQtWkI1crb4VjhuTUdWOw.png 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/format:webp/1*yNQtWkI1crb4VjhuTUdWOw.png 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/format:webp/1*yNQtWkI1crb4VjhuTUdWOw.png 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*yNQtWkI1crb4VjhuTUdWOw.png 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/format:webp/1*yNQtWkI1crb4VjhuTUdWOw.png 1400w\" sizes=\"(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" type=\"image/webp\">\u003csource data-testid=\"og\" srcset=\"https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/1*yNQtWkI1crb4VjhuTUdWOw.png 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/1*yNQtWkI1crb4VjhuTUdWOw.png 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/1*yNQtWkI1crb4VjhuTUdWOw.png 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/1*yNQtWkI1crb4VjhuTUdWOw.png 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/1*yNQtWkI1crb4VjhuTUdWOw.png 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/1*yNQtWkI1crb4VjhuTUdWOw.png 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/1*yNQtWkI1crb4VjhuTUdWOw.png 1400w\" sizes=\"(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003cimg alt=\"\" class=\"bf iv iw c\" width=\"700\" height=\"197\" loading=\"lazy\" role=\"presentation\" src=\"https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:700/1*yNQtWkI1crb4VjhuTUdWOw.png\">\u003c/picture>\u003c/div>\u003c/div>\u003cfigcaption class=\"ix iy ea dy dz iz ja bd b be z ft\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">The bulk of the cost comes from storing terabytes worth of data on SSD. There is some degree of redundancy here and the costs could probably be reduced by about half with careful pruning but it’s still not cheap.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\u003cp id=\"37ad\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">As the transaction volume and overall state size continue their steep ascent, pressure continues to mount on client software to keep up. At present there are only two production clients that are able to sync and reliably keep up with the mainnet, making up \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://www.ethernodes.org/network/1\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">around 90%\u003c/a> of all Ethereum nodes, and between them there are maybe \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://twitter.com/peter_szilagyi/status/1066670926274674688\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">ten core developers\u003c/a> who are responsible for the bulk of the research and code required to make this possible. These developers understandably feel an enormous burden and an increasing degree of frustration.\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"5b13\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">[EDIT 2019–01–12: I’ll leave the original text intact, above, but I want to add a clarification on these numbers since I understand that they may have caused some confusion. The cost highlighted here is for running multiple nodes, \u003cem class=\"ll\">including an \u003c/em>\u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://twitter.com/5chdn/status/999210007756451840\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cem class=\"ll\">archival node\u003c/em>\u003c/a> (for research purposes), which most people do not and never will need to do. The size of a pruned Ethereum full node, which \u003cem class=\"ll\">still contains\u003c/em> \u003cem class=\"ll\">all chain data,\u003c/em> is \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://twitter.com/5chdn/status/1081607666718380034\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">much smaller\u003c/a>. I posted more specific numbers \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://twitter.com/lrettig/status/1080459897500778498\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">here\u003c/a>: it looks like you can run a full node on AWS today for around $50–70 per month, and perhaps less on other cloud providers. As has been \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"/@tjayrush/this-is-great-lane-but-the-part-where-you-say-it-costs-upwards-of-1-200-a-month-to-run-an-archive-ce05af47a8a6\">pointed out\u003c/a> in the responses to this article, you can also run nodes very cheaply at home. However, my primary point remains: the Ethereum node count \u003cem class=\"ll\">has\u003c/em> fallen precipitously in recent months.]\u003c/p>\u003ch2 id=\"4825\" class=\"kw jy gw bd jz kx ky kz kd la lb lc kh jk ld le kj jo lf lg kl js lh li kn lj bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">The social challenge\u003c/h2>\u003cp id=\"6d60\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je kp hx jg jh kq ia jj jk kr jm jn jo ks jq jr js kt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">The second challenge is more social than technical. As more and more attention and resources have been directed towards Ethereum 2.0, and as the road to Serenity has lengthened, many current Ethereum 1.0 teams have been left wondering what this means for them and their projects.\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"644c\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">One of the biggest challenges in a permissionless ecosystem, where developers are free to work on whatever they find most interesting with little to no top-down oversight, is maintenance. If more core developers are interested in “building the future” by contributing to Serenity or layer two applications, who is responsible for maintaining the existing Ethereum mainnet, and how are those maintainers incentivized, socially as well as economically?\u003c/p>\u003cfigure class=\"im in io ip ek iq dy dz paragraph-image\">\u003cdiv role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"ir is di it bf iu\">\u003cdiv class=\"dy dz il\">\u003cpicture>\u003csource srcset=\"https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*SYWWxK3P9yrdDeyYbfRqCw.jpeg 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/format:webp/1*SYWWxK3P9yrdDeyYbfRqCw.jpeg 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/format:webp/1*SYWWxK3P9yrdDeyYbfRqCw.jpeg 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/format:webp/1*SYWWxK3P9yrdDeyYbfRqCw.jpeg 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/format:webp/1*SYWWxK3P9yrdDeyYbfRqCw.jpeg 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*SYWWxK3P9yrdDeyYbfRqCw.jpeg 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/format:webp/1*SYWWxK3P9yrdDeyYbfRqCw.jpeg 1400w\" sizes=\"(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" type=\"image/webp\">\u003csource data-testid=\"og\" srcset=\"https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/1*SYWWxK3P9yrdDeyYbfRqCw.jpeg 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/1*SYWWxK3P9yrdDeyYbfRqCw.jpeg 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/1*SYWWxK3P9yrdDeyYbfRqCw.jpeg 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/1*SYWWxK3P9yrdDeyYbfRqCw.jpeg 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/1*SYWWxK3P9yrdDeyYbfRqCw.jpeg 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/1*SYWWxK3P9yrdDeyYbfRqCw.jpeg 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/1*SYWWxK3P9yrdDeyYbfRqCw.jpeg 1400w\" sizes=\"(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003cimg alt=\"\" class=\"bf iv iw c\" width=\"700\" height=\"450\" loading=\"lazy\" role=\"presentation\" src=\"https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:700/1*SYWWxK3P9yrdDeyYbfRqCw.jpeg\">\u003c/picture>\u003c/div>\u003c/div>\u003cfigcaption class=\"ix iy ea dy dz iz ja bd b be z ft\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">A small number of people tend to get a disproportionately large share of the attention in our community. How do we recognize and motivate the silent builders working tirelessly to keep Ethereum running? Who is the John Harrison to Ethereum’s Captain Cook? (Photo from ETHBuenosAires)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\u003cp id=\"c6af\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">Ethereum core developers today are under enormous pressure and many feel overworked and under-appreciated. They fulfill an essential role in the community but get very little credit since the best engineering tends to be invisible. To cite an oft-used example, we remember the names of the explorers who sailed around the world and discovered new lands, such as Henry Hudson and James Cook, but by and large not the names of the engineers who made those journeys possible, such as John Harrison, the Yorkshire carpenter who \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"http://www.returnofkings.com/109297/how-john-harrison-solved-the-explorers-problem-of-longitude\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">spent decades perfecting a chronograph\u003c/a> reliable enough to tell time at sea.\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"9d83\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">The “1.x or 2.0” question is also a serious challenge for teams such as \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://github.com/status-im/nimbus\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">Nimbus\u003c/a> and \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://github.com/PegaSysEng/pantheon\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">Pantheon\u003c/a> that are implementing new Ethereum clients from scratch. Should they work towards the existing Constantinople spec, or should they attempt to build Ethereum 2.0 today, a moving target? Should they build an EVM execution engine, or should they go straight to Ewasm?\u003c/p>\u003ch2 id=\"e10c\" class=\"kw jy gw bd jz kx ky kz kd la lb lc kh jk ld le kj jo lf lg kl js lh li kn lj bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">The Ethereum 1.x proposal\u003c/h2>\u003cp id=\"eff0\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je kp hx jg jh kq ia jj jk kr jm jn jo ks jq jr js kt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">All of this leads us to the Ethereum 1.x proposal, which represents a renewed effort to invest in the existing Ethereum 1.0 network and ensure that it can survive and thrive indefinitely, or as long as necessary until Ethereum 2.0 is ready to take its place. It addresses the technical challenge of unbounded state growth through pruning and the introduction of storage rent, and the decision to continue investing in Ethereum 1.x goes a long way towards addressing the social concerns as well.\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"32db\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">\u003ca class=\"ae ku\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"/@cdetrio\">Casey Detrio\u003c/a> already shared a \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://ethereum-magicians.org/t/ethereum-1-dot-x-a-half-baked-roadmap-for-mainnet-improvements/1995?u=lrettig\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">great writeup\u003c/a> of the technical details of the proposal, so I won’t repeat them here. The four working groups have all published \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://github.com/ethereum/pm/blob/master/All%20Core%20Devs%20Meetings/Eth1x%20Sync%201.md#agenda\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">their proposals\u003c/a>, which are open for discussion on the Fellowship of Ethereum Magicians \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://ethereum-magicians.org\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">forum\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"7177\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">It’s important to note that Ethereum 1.x is not a monolithic plan so much as a bundle of disparate-but-somewhat-related proposals to improve Ethereum today while waiting for Serenity. The most aggressive estimates suggest that Ethereum 1.x could theoretically achieve a \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://ethereum-magicians.org/t/hypothetical-maximum-scale-of-eth-1-x/2264\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">dramatic increase in throughput\u003c/a> through a combination of a \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9954\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">reduced uncle rate\u003c/a>, \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://gist.github.com/karalabe/60be7bef184c8ec286fc7ee2b35b0b5b#theoretical-solution\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">state pruning\u003c/a>, \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://slideslive.com/38911946\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">parallelization\u003c/a>, \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://github.com/ewasm/design/blob/master/rationale.md\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">Ewasm\u003c/a>, and several other ideas, although in practice it’s likely that such an increase would be limited to 1.5–5x to \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://twitter.com/VitalikButerin/status/1072488883533869058?s=20\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">limit sync time\u003c/a>, state growth, and the effects of centralization, to have a safety valve for the next Cryptokitties, and due to \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://blog.ethereum.org/2016/10/31/uncle-rate-transaction-fee-analysis/\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">fundamental I/O limits\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"ed66\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">Why didn’t we attempt to scale Ethereum 1.x previously? Many of these ideas are not new and have been around as long as Serenity, if not longer. My personal belief is that it’s a combination of three factors: 1. Until very recently, Ethereum was a \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://finance.yahoo.com/news/yahoo-crypto-bitcoin-economist-makes-030027305.html\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">“science experiment”\u003c/a> and no one was really using it anyway, so scaling simply wasn’t a question. 2. Until very recently, it was easy to believe that Serenity would be a panacea that would solve all scaling problems, now and forever, and that it would be here soon enough that it didn’t make sense to invest in other scaling technologies. 3. \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://github.com/ledgerwatch/eth_state/blob/master/State_rent.pdf\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">State growth\u003c/a> has recently become a serious issue, and any attempt to scale Ethereum today without a solution would only exacerbate the problem.\u003c/p>\u003ch1 id=\"f5a6\" class=\"jx jy gw bd jz ka kb kc kd ke kf kg kh ic ki id kj if kk ig kl ii km ij kn ko bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">Two sides to the story\u003c/h1>\u003cfigure class=\"im in io ip ek iq dy dz paragraph-image\">\u003cdiv role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"ir is di it bf iu\">\u003cdiv class=\"dy dz il\">\u003cpicture>\u003csource srcset=\"https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*9RBdWZQH9bjVfX6NM4YFog.jpeg 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/format:webp/1*9RBdWZQH9bjVfX6NM4YFog.jpeg 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/format:webp/1*9RBdWZQH9bjVfX6NM4YFog.jpeg 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/format:webp/1*9RBdWZQH9bjVfX6NM4YFog.jpeg 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/format:webp/1*9RBdWZQH9bjVfX6NM4YFog.jpeg 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*9RBdWZQH9bjVfX6NM4YFog.jpeg 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/format:webp/1*9RBdWZQH9bjVfX6NM4YFog.jpeg 1400w\" sizes=\"(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" type=\"image/webp\">\u003csource data-testid=\"og\" srcset=\"https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/1*9RBdWZQH9bjVfX6NM4YFog.jpeg 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/1*9RBdWZQH9bjVfX6NM4YFog.jpeg 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/1*9RBdWZQH9bjVfX6NM4YFog.jpeg 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/1*9RBdWZQH9bjVfX6NM4YFog.jpeg 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/1*9RBdWZQH9bjVfX6NM4YFog.jpeg 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/1*9RBdWZQH9bjVfX6NM4YFog.jpeg 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/1*9RBdWZQH9bjVfX6NM4YFog.jpeg 1400w\" sizes=\"(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003cimg alt=\"\" class=\"bf iv iw c\" width=\"700\" height=\"462\" loading=\"lazy\" role=\"presentation\" src=\"https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:700/1*9RBdWZQH9bjVfX6NM4YFog.jpeg\">\u003c/picture>\u003c/div>\u003c/div>\u003cfigcaption class=\"ix iy ea dy dz iz ja bd b be z ft\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">Luis Cuende and John Light of Aragon share their findings from one of the #EIP0 breakout sessions in Toronto in May. Aragon has been a leader in \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://blog.aragon.org/why-transparency-matters-d6f9e6e10985/\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">promoting radical transparency\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\u003cp id=\"14e8\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">Back to the question of transparency, which was very much on our minds as we met in Prague. While everyone agreed that the output of the initiative would be a series of public EIPs, opinions differed on how much transparency was needed at each stage. Some felt that the entire process should be transparent from the start. Others felt that we should iterate a bit more to produce reasonable proposals and, in particular, that we should test our assumptions against real data and release proposed solutions alongside the problem statement, lest it be perceived as apocalyptic.\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"7b34\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">Some expressed a desire for a more private forum where core devs and researchers could communicate openly beyond the public spotlight, but Vitalik and others argued convincingly against any form of “institutionalized privacy” such as private calls or a private forum.\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"6815\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">There are two sides to this story and I want to explain both.\u003c/p>\u003ch2 id=\"91dc\" class=\"kw jy gw bd jz kx ky kz kd la lb lc kh jk ld le kj jo lf lg kl js lh li kn lj bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">Why transparency is good\u003c/h2>\u003cp id=\"e219\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je kp hx jg jh kq ia jj jk kr jm jn jo ks jq jr js kt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">This is sort of a no-brainer. Other things being equal, more transparency is always desirable because it minimizes corruption and maximizes the number of stakeholders whose interests are represented. Lack of transparency inevitably leads to backroom deals, corruption, distrust, and, in the extreme case, \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://www.economist.com/leaders/2018/11/24/some-international-regulators-have-been-captured-by-producer-interests\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">capture\u003c/a>. Ethereum, by contrast, is a fundamentally open platform: all stakeholders in the platform, be they core developers, researchers, app developers, miners, exchanges, traders, hodlers, or users, have the right to observe and participate in governance. The \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">EIP process\u003c/a> is designed to facilitate this.\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"aa2e\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">Policy aside, there’s something even deeper at play here: \u003cem class=\"ll\">Ethereum simply cannot exist\u003c/em> \u003cem class=\"ll\">without the support of a broad contingent of stakeholders.\u003c/em> Due to the open nature of the code and data, any sufficiently large subset of stakeholders has the power to fork Ethereum at any time. The fork is our superpower. It’s what sets us apart from default world governance and it’s a powerful coordination mechanism that acts as our safety valve of last resort: if all else fails, if the current governance mechanisms were ever to fail or become corrupt, any subset of the community would always have the option of forking and installing different governance mechanisms.\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"2a5e\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">In fact, it’s even easier than coordinating a fork: it only requires \u003cem class=\"ll\">inaction,\u003c/em> e.g., the decision not to upgrade the software and participate in a sanctioned hard fork. Witness the birth of \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethereum_Classic\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">Ethereum Classic\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"d5e0\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">This mechanism is called \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exit,_Voice,_and_Loyalty\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">exit or voice\u003c/a>. If a sufficiently large set of stakeholders were to become disenfranchised or were to feel that their interests were not being represented — in other words, if they felt that they didn’t have a \u003cem class=\"ll\">voice — \u003c/em>they could choose to \u003cem class=\"ll\">exit. \u003c/em>This mechanism keeps the core developers honest. Transparency is key for enfranchisement.\u003c/p>\u003ch2 id=\"060a\" class=\"kw jy gw bd jz kx ky kz kd la lb lc kh jk ld le kj jo lf lg kl js lh li kn lj bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">Where transparency is challenging\u003c/h2>\u003cp id=\"8162\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je kp hx jg jh kq ia jj jk kr jm jn jo ks jq jr js kt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">As described under Social Challenge, above, Ethereum core developers today are under enormous pressure and many feel overworked and under-appreciated.\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"507d\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">Many core developers feel antagonized by the media: they are often misquoted and their words taken out of context to push some particular agenda. They feel that they are overly scrutinized. What’s more, they feel that the ones doing the criticizing do not appreciate how much pressure they are under and in many cases are people who haven’t themselves added any value to the project. Like engineers everywhere, they want to be left alone to do good work in the way that they see fit.\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"3f3e\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">There is growing frustration with how difficult it is to “get anything done” in Ethereum since even seemingly small changes can take months of back-and-forth political wrangling. This is, of course, by design and it’s one of Ethereum’s great strengths — that no individual or organization can unilaterally push through a protocol change without broad support. But software developers are not naturally inclined to enjoy politics.\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"f82f\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">Coordinating political dialogue among dozens of core developers and attempting to factor in the sentiment of thousands of others in the community, all the while feeling under attack by the media and the public, leads to a lot of stress and enormous cognitive burden. The Ethereum 1.x initiative and the meetings in Prague happened in response to this frustration. A subgroup of core developers came together out of love for Ethereum and a desire to improve the protocol. They wanted to put their heads together and write up a series of proposals that would be released to the public and flow into the existing, open EIP process.\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"d60a\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">We can turn to more mature industries for inspiration. The best designers include both a public, open component and a private, closed component in the design process. Design thinking is a well-understood process which involves \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/article/5-stages-in-the-design-thinking-process\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">successive stages\u003c/a> that alternate between external, customer focus (empathize, define, test) and internal, private focus (ideate, prototype). I think a similar process of iterating between public (seeking to understand problems, testing proposed solutions, collecting feedback) and private (drawing up proposals, prototyping) is an effective way to develop strong technical proposals as well. It also offers developers some respite from the burden of operating under the public gaze.\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"b9bd\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">The most important point to make is that no decisions were being made in these meetings, just discussion and coordination leading towards open proposals.\u003c/p>\u003ch2 id=\"b967\" class=\"kw jy gw bd jz kx ky kz kd la lb lc kh jk ld le kj jo lf lg kl js lh li kn lj bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">The bigger picture\u003c/h2>\u003cp id=\"0f9e\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je kp hx jg jh kq ia jj jk kr jm jn jo ks jq jr js kt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">I want to zoom out from Ethereum for a moment to explore the broader context to the questions we’re discussing here: transparency, radical participation, and technocracy. To be clear, none of these are new ideas and in many ways we are rehashing struggles that humans have been facing for millennia. We must recognize this and we should seek to learn from past examples and prior scholarship on these topics.\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"3ab2\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">Ethereum governance today is mostly informal and \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"/@Vlad_Zamfir/against-on-chain-governance-a4ceacd040ca\">it happens off-chain\u003c/a> in the realm of humans and egos. The EIP process is the one regular, formal governance mechanism, and even \u003cem class=\"ll\">it\u003c/em> is rough around the edges: no one has ever formally defined “core dev” (here’s \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"/@hudsonjameson\">Hudson’s\u003c/a> most recent takes on this: \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://github.com/ethereum/pm/blob/master/All%20Core%20Devs%20Meetings/Meeting%2050.md#discussion-about-openness-and-roadmap-discussions-in-prague\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">one\u003c/a> \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://gitter.im/ethereum/AllCoreDevs?at=5c013fbb464b6c0fd66cba27\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">two\u003c/a>), nor been able to articulate precisely who is invited to the All Core Devs calls nor the precise magic needed to get an EIP brought up in the call. To be clear, I consider this a good thing and one of Ethereum’s greatest strengths since \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lLMVkmSTwho\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">a more formalized governance mechanism risks capture\u003c/a>, corruption, or losing the discretion of node operators who must proactively opt into forks.\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"81e9\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">However, there is a downside to highly informal governance mechanisms: they tend towards backroom deals and a lack of transparency. This is a classic challenge of governance known as the \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tyranny_of_Structurelessness\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">Tyranny of Structurelessness\u003c/a>. Tl;dr version: there is no such thing as a lack of structure. In its absence, humans organize themselves in an ad hoc, social fashion and the result, lacking transparency or formal participation mechanisms, may be worse than a more structured approach to begin with.\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"708a\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">The EIP process is our stopgap transparency mechanism but there are many, many conversations and much research leading up to EIPs that belongs in the public domain as well — and that would benefit from the input of a larger, more diverse body of stakeholders. For this reason, and given our informal system of governance, it is incumbent upon stakeholders such as core developers to act as transparently as possible at all times, and to choose transparency as a default, restricting it only when the circumstances call for it, and then only narrowly (such as via use of Chatham House, more on which in a moment).\u003c/p>\u003ch2 id=\"a663\" class=\"kw jy gw bd jz kx ky kz kd la lb lc kh jk ld le kj jo lf lg kl js lh li kn lj bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">Technocracy\u003c/h2>\u003cfigure class=\"im in io ip ek iq\">\u003cdiv class=\"bz lo l di\">\u003cdiv class=\"lp lq l\">\u003c/div>\u003c/div>\u003c/figure>\u003cp id=\"272f\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">I also want to briefly address the question of \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technocracy\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">technocracy\u003c/a>, since it came up as part of the Ethereum 1.x conversation. The argument goes something like this: The challenges (such as lack of rent) that Ethereum is facing today are highly technical and only a very small number of people in the world understand them well enough to make an informed decision about them. Therefore, it doesn’t matter what the uninformed public thinks. We technologists need to make an informed decision that’s in everybody’s best interest.\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"903d\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">This question — technocracy vs. democracy — is as old as human civilization. Technocracy is appealing to those in charge but it’s extraordinarily dangerous. The rise in populism globally in recent years and the ongoing protests in France over the past few weeks are in many ways an expression of public anger at the perception of a distant elite making paternalistic, technocratic decisions on their behalf — including removing fuel subsidies, which hits \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://twitter.com/lrettig/status/1071018250954100738\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">frighteningly close to home\u003c/a> for us.\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"3ba8\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">Taken to the extreme, technocracy becomes extreme paternalism, authoritarianism, even apartheid (in the non-racial sense), as it involves dividing the community into two groups, those who (by some arbitrary criteria) “get it” and those who “don’t,” and allowing those who “get it” to make decisions on behalf of those who “don’t.”\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"2706\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">It shouldn’t take too much reflection to realize that technocracy is in fact antithetical to the values of Ethereum and to the world we are trying to build — a world that enfranchises all humans everywhere, a permissionless world free of gatekeepers, a world where \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"/crypto-nyc/so-you-think-you-want-to-be-a-core-developer-87cca2cb475e\">you can self-identify as a core developer\u003c/a> (or any other class of stakeholder) if you so desire.\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"4853\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">Humans are silly and fallible and sometimes we make decisions that are against our self-interest or the self-interest of our community, but we need to respect these decisions, too, and let people be free to make these mistakes. I believe that the voice of the community in Ethereum is sacrosanct and inviolable. Instead of lamenting poor decisions, and instead of building a technocracy, we should seek to educate and enfranchise a larger and larger portion of the community — including the press, which should help alleviate some of the concerns about misrepresentation.\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"4379\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">And, if you disagree, you are also free to fork away to your own private technocratic paradise chain (Techthereum?). Exit or voice!\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"662e\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">I’ll leave you with this powerful quote from \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://www.goodreads.com/quotes/297074-but-i-don-t-want-comfort-i-want-god-i-want\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">Brave New World\u003c/a>, and ask you to contemplate what it means for Ethereum:\u003c/p>\u003cblockquote class=\"lr ls lt\">\u003cp id=\"585f\" class=\"jb jc ll jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj lu jl jm jn lv jp jq jr lw jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">‘But I don’t want comfort. I want God, I want poetry, I want real danger, I want freedom, I want goodness, I want sin.’\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"66a3\" class=\"jb jc ll jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj lu jl jm jn lv jp jq jr lw jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">‘In fact,’ said Mustapha Mond, ‘you’re claiming the right to be unhappy.’\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"89a2\" class=\"jb jc ll jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj lu jl jm jn lv jp jq jr lw jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">‘All right then,’ said the Savage defiantly, ‘I’m claiming the right to be unhappy.’\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"80b4\" class=\"jb jc ll jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj lu jl jm jn lv jp jq jr lw jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">‘Not to mention the right to grow old and ugly and impotent; the right to have syphilis and cancer; the right to have too little to eat; the right to be lousy; the right to live in constant apprehension of what may happen tomorrow; the right to catch typhoid; the right to be tortured by unspeakable pains of every kind.’ There was a long silence.\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"b3e6\" class=\"jb jc ll jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj lu jl jm jn lv jp jq jr lw jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">‘I claim them all,’ said the Savage at last.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\u003ch1 id=\"78d4\" class=\"jx jy gw bd jz ka kb kc kd ke kf kg kh ic ki id kj if kk ig kl ii km ij kn ko bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">Keeping governance open\u003c/h1>\u003cp id=\"2673\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je kp hx jg jh kq ia jj jk kr jm jn jo ks jq jr js kt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">To wrap up the question of transparency, I’d like to share some lessons that I learned about open governance while organizing an unrelated event earlier this year.\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"509c\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">\u003cstrong class=\"jd gx\">#EIP0\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\u003cfigure class=\"im in io ip ek iq dy dz paragraph-image\">\u003cdiv role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"ir is di it bf iu\">\u003cdiv class=\"dy dz lx\">\u003cpicture>\u003csource srcset=\"https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*NyViJ3gOegcmSb5boWlcVw.jpeg 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/format:webp/1*NyViJ3gOegcmSb5boWlcVw.jpeg 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/format:webp/1*NyViJ3gOegcmSb5boWlcVw.jpeg 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/format:webp/1*NyViJ3gOegcmSb5boWlcVw.jpeg 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/format:webp/1*NyViJ3gOegcmSb5boWlcVw.jpeg 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*NyViJ3gOegcmSb5boWlcVw.jpeg 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/format:webp/1*NyViJ3gOegcmSb5boWlcVw.jpeg 1400w\" sizes=\"(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" type=\"image/webp\">\u003csource data-testid=\"og\" srcset=\"https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/1*NyViJ3gOegcmSb5boWlcVw.jpeg 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/1*NyViJ3gOegcmSb5boWlcVw.jpeg 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/1*NyViJ3gOegcmSb5boWlcVw.jpeg 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/1*NyViJ3gOegcmSb5boWlcVw.jpeg 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/1*NyViJ3gOegcmSb5boWlcVw.jpeg 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/1*NyViJ3gOegcmSb5boWlcVw.jpeg 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/1*NyViJ3gOegcmSb5boWlcVw.jpeg 1400w\" sizes=\"(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003cimg alt=\"\" class=\"bf iv iw c\" width=\"700\" height=\"406\" loading=\"lazy\" role=\"presentation\" src=\"https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:700/1*NyViJ3gOegcmSb5boWlcVw.jpeg\">\u003c/picture>\u003c/div>\u003c/div>\u003cfigcaption class=\"ix iy ea dy dz iz ja bd b be z ft\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">Day two of the #EIP0 Summit in Toronto in May. Lots more juicy photos \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://twitter.com/lrettig/status/991699160914186246\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\u003cp id=\"1023\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">We struggled mightily with the question of openness when we organized the \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"/eip0-summit/eip0-summit-statement-of-intent-to-support-ethereum-governance-initiatives-e54ff782933\">#EIP0 summit\u003c/a>, a non-technical governance initiative held in May 2018. On the one hand, we wanted to bring together a group of professional stakeholders to have extremely open and honest dialog about the philosophical, social, economic, and ethical challenges facing Ethereum governance, and about controversial topics such as fund recovery. On the other hand, we wanted to document and share our findings with the public and invite everyone, including the media, to ask questions. The guiding principle was that we wanted to be \u003cem class=\"ll\">as open as possible\u003c/em> while also ensuring that the participants had a safe space where they could \u003cem class=\"ll\">speak openly and candidly \u003c/em>about extremely sensitive, controversial topics.\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"115c\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">We ended up settling on three compromises.\u003c/p>\u003ch2 id=\"b67f\" class=\"kw jy gw bd jz kx ky kz kd la lb lc kh jk ld le kj jo lf lg kl js lh li kn lj bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">Chatham House Rule\u003c/h2>\u003cp id=\"a44a\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je kp hx jg jh kq ia jj jk kr jm jn jo ks jq jr js kt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">\u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://www.chathamhouse.org/chatham-house-rule\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">Chatham House Rule\u003c/a> is a very simple idea which says that everything discussed will be recorded and shared but that the notes will not be attributed to any particular speaker. I believe that it’s a reasonable compromise since it simultaneously achieves both goals: it allows speakers to speak very candidly without fear of retribution or of being misquoted while also maintaining transparency.\u003c/p>\u003ch2 id=\"ffd5\" class=\"kw jy gw bd jz kx ky kz kd la lb lc kh jk ld le kj jo lf lg kl js lh li kn lj bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">More and less open spaces\u003c/h2>\u003cp id=\"9015\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je kp hx jg jh kq ia jj jk kr jm jn jo ks jq jr js kt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">We had three or four different rooms at the #EIP0 venue. We set up recording and live-streaming in the main space only. Breakout sessions happened in other spaces under the Chatham House Rule. At the end of each breakout session we reconvened in the main space and the findings of the breakout session were shared with the larger group, as well as \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://www.reddit.com/r/ethereum/comments/8g8tbx/live_stream_eip0_governance_summit/\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">on the livestream\u003c/a>. Participants agreed that what they shared in the breakout rooms was strictly under the Chatham House Rule, and that what they shared in the main room was public. Again, I feel strongly that this compromise allowed us to achieve both of our goals.\u003c/p>\u003ch2 id=\"8df8\" class=\"kw jy gw bd jz kx ky kz kd la lb lc kh jk ld le kj jo lf lg kl js lh li kn lj bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">Public-private\u003c/h2>\u003cp id=\"7dac\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je kp hx jg jh kq ia jj jk kr jm jn jo ks jq jr js kt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">Finally, while the event was invite-only, we nevertheless wanted to engage directly with the larger community to share our thoughts and findings and to answer questions. We accomplished this in several ways. We hosted a \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xft6xlNtqkg\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">public meetup\u003c/a> on the final evening of the event and invited reporters. At the public meetup, we shared our findings, hosted a panel, and took questions. We also did a live-streamed \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://www.reddit.com/r/ethereum/comments/8ggrgo/join_the_ethereum_governance_ama_at_the_eip0/\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">AMA session\u003c/a> on Reddit for a portion of the event. Finally, we published \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://docs.google.com/document/d/1NGp-GAq16DNzLnCrQ943JLjvpHL65YM6m9GF0fIj8bw/edit\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">all of our notes\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\u003ch2 id=\"ff65\" class=\"kw jy gw bd jz kx ky kz kd la lb lc kh jk ld le kj jo lf lg kl js lh li kn lj bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">Whither to?\u003c/h2>\u003cp id=\"c98e\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je kp hx jg jh kq ia jj jk kr jm jn jo ks jq jr js kt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">As I said before, I believe that openness in Ethereum is sacrosanct and inviolable. However, I also believe that core developers, like other members of the community, have a right to privacy and that it’s unrealistic and unfair to expect that 100% of their interactions should be subject to public scrutiny. While private conversations among core developers do not all need to be public, to some extent, this right to privacy is forfeit due to the nature of the Ethereum project: for instance, core developers must acknowledge and accept that our work product, e.g., our code, will be visible to and largely owned by the public domain. Folks who aren’t comfortable with this bargain should, as \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"/@gregcolvin\">Greg Colvin\u003c/a> \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://github.com/ethereum/pm/blob/master/All%20Core%20Devs%20Meetings/Meeting%2050.md#discussion-about-openness-and-roadmap-discussions-in-prague\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">put it\u003c/a>, “find another project to work on.”\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"c5ae\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">I propose that, as a community, we reach consensus on a set of ground rules that we can all respect.\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"e29a\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">First things first: the EIP process is and must always remain transparent. This means that the fortnightly All Core Devs calls where EIPs are discussed and decisions are made about hard forks must remain transparent: they will be \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://twitter.com/hudsonjameson/status/1069646446629130240\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">live-streamed and recorded\u003c/a>, and notes will be taken whenever possible. With this safeguard in place, we can discuss what leads up to the EIP process.\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"9e9b\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">I believe that any set of community members should be free at any time to collaborate in private to produce an EIP or another proposal. These conversations need not be broadcast or recorded, since their output will be.\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"e55f\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">This still leaves the question of how to handle initiatives like Ethereum 1.x which fall somewhere in between these two: they do not involve making decisions and their output will be public, but they also involve a critical mass of stakeholders and core developers and involve \u003cem class=\"ll\">meta-decisions\u003c/em> such as where resources will be allocated and which topics will be researched for possible inclusion into an EIP. We must appreciate that defaults are powerful and that, by the time an EIP has been written with input from and the blessing of the Ethereum Foundation, ConsenSys, and Parity (to name but three stakeholders present in the Prague meetings), the default behavior for many others may be to accept it as a done deal.\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"3de5\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">Exactly where this “gray area” begins and ends is \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://twitter.com/lrettig/status/1069798045469081600\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">highly subjective\u003c/a> but we should know it when we see it. Relevant factors include the number of people in the room, the number of organizations represented, the scope of the topics being discussed, whether and how many resources are being allocated, how far in advance the meeting was planned, etc. In this gray area, I believe the right thing to do is to announce the fact that the meeting is happening, share the list of attendees/stakeholders present, and share the notes from the meeting, although those notes may be unattributed. I commit to upholding this principle going forward and I invite you to do the same.\u003c/p>\u003ch1 id=\"b44f\" class=\"jx jy gw bd jz ka kb kc kd ke kf kg kh ic ki id kj if kk ig kl ii km ij kn ko bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">The role of the Magicians\u003c/h1>\u003cfigure class=\"im in io ip ek iq dy dz paragraph-image\">\u003cdiv role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"ir is di it bf iu\">\u003cdiv class=\"dy dz il\">\u003cpicture>\u003csource srcset=\"https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*yV_PV13i5gaEYDM_EtB23A.jpeg 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/format:webp/1*yV_PV13i5gaEYDM_EtB23A.jpeg 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/format:webp/1*yV_PV13i5gaEYDM_EtB23A.jpeg 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/format:webp/1*yV_PV13i5gaEYDM_EtB23A.jpeg 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/format:webp/1*yV_PV13i5gaEYDM_EtB23A.jpeg 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*yV_PV13i5gaEYDM_EtB23A.jpeg 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/format:webp/1*yV_PV13i5gaEYDM_EtB23A.jpeg 1400w\" sizes=\"(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" type=\"image/webp\">\u003csource data-testid=\"og\" srcset=\"https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/1*yV_PV13i5gaEYDM_EtB23A.jpeg 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/1*yV_PV13i5gaEYDM_EtB23A.jpeg 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/1*yV_PV13i5gaEYDM_EtB23A.jpeg 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/1*yV_PV13i5gaEYDM_EtB23A.jpeg 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/1*yV_PV13i5gaEYDM_EtB23A.jpeg 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/1*yV_PV13i5gaEYDM_EtB23A.jpeg 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/1*yV_PV13i5gaEYDM_EtB23A.jpeg 1400w\" sizes=\"(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003cimg alt=\"\" class=\"bf iv iw c\" width=\"700\" height=\"477\" loading=\"lazy\" role=\"presentation\" src=\"https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:700/1*yV_PV13i5gaEYDM_EtB23A.jpeg\">\u003c/picture>\u003c/div>\u003c/div>\u003cfigcaption class=\"ix iy ea dy dz iz ja bd b be z ft\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">The Fellowship of Ethereum Magicians Council of Berlin in July\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\u003cp id=\"3a1a\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">In a few short months, the \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://ethereum-magicians.org/\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">Fellowship of Ethereum Magicians\u003c/a> has grown from a silly-sounding meme and a small group of nerds into a force to be reckoned with. It sent shivers down my spine seeing a room full of hundreds of eager participants at the most recent \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L3CrIhs7_3k\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">Council of Prague\u003c/a>. Contributors have already formed working groups (dubbed “rings”) to explore tokens, signals, dev tools, education, and \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://github.com/ethereum-magicians/scrolls/wiki#rings\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">many more topics\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"f2c9\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">While I think many of us would like to stick our heads in the sand and believe that we are still a group of nerds who also happen to be friends, building a piece of technology together because it’s fun and challenging, it’s probably time to recognize that this thing that we’ve designed and built is out of our hands. We can’t control \u003cem class=\"ll\">who\u003c/em> builds on Ethereum, nor \u003cem class=\"ll\">what\u003c/em> they build, which is sort of the whole point in the first place, but it also means that reputations, private companies, other people’s data, and billions of dollars of value are being built on Ethereum today. To the extent that Ethereum ever \u003cem class=\"ll\">works\u003c/em> (however you want to define that), we need to be extraordinarily mindful of which governance and power structures we install in our community today to ensure that Ethereum matures into a platform that factors in the needs of, and becomes useful to, all sorts of people. The Magicians, along with initiatives such as #EIP0, have large role to play in this process.\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"844b\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">My hope from the beginning has been that the Magicians are able to play an increasingly large, mature role in the technical governance of the Ethereum protocol and relieve some of the burden felt by the core devs. However, we are still figuring out that role and how it fits into existing governance mechanisms, formal and informal. We must also recognize that the Magicians initiative \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"/@jpitts/an-open-invitation-to-participate-in-a-fellowship-of-ethereum-magicians-982e6143db4f\">was created\u003c/a> in true permissionless, grassroots fashion, without the buy-in or support of the majority of the core developers. Core developers are already inundated with inbound questions, requests, ideas, complaints, and communications more generally. As the Magicians initiative matures, it’s important that it understand these constraints and that it build open, trusted, bidirectional lines of communication with other stakeholders, but today this is very much a work in progress. As genuinely moving as it is to see 300 eager Magicians in a room debating Ethereum technology and wanting to contribute, for some core developers, it’s 300 more voices they’re somehow expected to listen to and be accountable to.\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"044d\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">I helped organize a core R&D x EthMagicians \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"/ethereum-magicians/demystifying-the-road-to-ethereum-2-0-8130ade8d00f\">Q&A panel\u003c/a> at the Council of Prague as a first step, and I commit to working more closely with all stakeholders to foster better collaboration.\u003c/p>\u003ch1 id=\"0d1e\" class=\"jx jy gw bd jz ka kb kc kd ke kf kg kh ic ki id kj if kk ig kl ii km ij kn ko bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">Diversity and inclusion\u003c/h1>\u003cfigure class=\"im in io ip ek iq dy dz paragraph-image\">\u003cdiv role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"ir is di it bf iu\">\u003cdiv class=\"dy dz il\">\u003cpicture>\u003csource srcset=\"https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*cKvGN-k2a7Ig98jy55LqjA.jpeg 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/format:webp/1*cKvGN-k2a7Ig98jy55LqjA.jpeg 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/format:webp/1*cKvGN-k2a7Ig98jy55LqjA.jpeg 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/format:webp/1*cKvGN-k2a7Ig98jy55LqjA.jpeg 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/format:webp/1*cKvGN-k2a7Ig98jy55LqjA.jpeg 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*cKvGN-k2a7Ig98jy55LqjA.jpeg 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/format:webp/1*cKvGN-k2a7Ig98jy55LqjA.jpeg 1400w\" sizes=\"(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" type=\"image/webp\">\u003csource data-testid=\"og\" srcset=\"https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/1*cKvGN-k2a7Ig98jy55LqjA.jpeg 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/1*cKvGN-k2a7Ig98jy55LqjA.jpeg 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/1*cKvGN-k2a7Ig98jy55LqjA.jpeg 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/1*cKvGN-k2a7Ig98jy55LqjA.jpeg 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/1*cKvGN-k2a7Ig98jy55LqjA.jpeg 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/1*cKvGN-k2a7Ig98jy55LqjA.jpeg 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/1*cKvGN-k2a7Ig98jy55LqjA.jpeg 1400w\" sizes=\"(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003cimg alt=\"\" class=\"bf iv iw c\" width=\"700\" height=\"429\" loading=\"lazy\" role=\"presentation\" src=\"https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:700/1*cKvGN-k2a7Ig98jy55LqjA.jpeg\">\u003c/picture>\u003c/div>\u003c/div>\u003cfigcaption class=\"ix iy ea dy dz iz ja bd b be z ft\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">The Diversity & Inclusion breakout session, part of the Society & Systems track at DevCon IV\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\u003cp id=\"df85\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">Last but absolutely not least, I want to address a topic that is near and dear to my heart, and one which I think is extraordinarily relevant as we consider the future of Ethereum. As I sat in the Ethereum 1.x discussions in Prague — shortly after attending the Society & Systems breakout session on Diversity & Inclusion — I made a point of noticing the other people in the room. Of 20–30 stakeholders present, there was only one woman in the room, and only one person of color. The demographics are similar throughout the broader core dev community.\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"6f53\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">There is so much more to be said about this topic and there’s no way I can do it justice in this space, nor can I, as a cisgender, privileged, white American male, hope to do it justice on my own, but the very least I can do is point to a lack of diversity when I see it and say, “This is wrong.”\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"9dde\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">My vision of Ethereum is that it matures into a platform for humans everywhere to build, transact, and participate in the technology and economy of the future. Despite our best intentions, there is simply no way that a room full of privileged, Western, white men can envision, design, or build such a platform without a \u003cem class=\"ll\">much\u003c/em> broader set of stakeholders.\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"28d6\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">There is a role here for the Ethereum Magicians, should they choose to accept it (time for a diversity ring?). There is a role for organizations such as \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"http://www.blackgirlscode.com/\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">Black Girls Code\u003c/a>, which has been engaged in Ethereum events in locations such as \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://twitter.com/lrettig/status/1043928846494560257\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">Atlanta\u003c/a>, \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://twitter.com/RobTG4/status/1047675710955900928\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">Oakland\u003c/a>, and at \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://twitter.com/BlackGirlsCode/status/1057682357321433088\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">DevCon IV in Prague\u003c/a>, and initiatives such as \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://consensys.net/social-impact/\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">ConsenSys Social Impact\u003c/a>, which developed this relationship.\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"54c5\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">Diversity and inclusion initiatives need to be \u003cem class=\"ll\">active\u003c/em> if they are to be effective. I commit to doing everything in my power to promote diversity and inclusion in Ethereum at every level, but I am not an expert and I need your help to do it.\u003c/p>\u003ch1 id=\"c3af\" class=\"jx jy gw bd jz ka kb kc kd ke kf kg kh ic ki id kj if kk ig kl ii km ij kn ko bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">Get involved!\u003c/h1>\u003cp id=\"c122\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je kp hx jg jh kq ia jj jk kr jm jn jo ks jq jr js kt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">If you’re interested in joining the conversation, now is a great time to help out with Ethereum governance. We are a permissionless, open, transparent community and welcome all voices. Listen to the fortnightly \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://github.com/ethereum/pm/\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">All Core Devs calls\u003c/a>, participate in the \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"http://eips.ethereum.org\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">EIP process\u003c/a>, and join the conversation on \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"http://gitter.im/ethereum/governance\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">Gitter\u003c/a>. The \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://ethereum-magicians.org\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">Fellowship of Ethereum Magicians forum\u003c/a> is an excellent place to get started!\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"8768\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">Remember: there is no governing body in Ethereum. There is no “them.” Only us. We are all in this together. ✌️\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"5a68\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">\u003cstrong class=\"jd gx\">Special thanks\u003c/strong> to Alexey Akhunov, Olivier Begassat,\u003cstrong class=\"jd gx\"> \u003c/strong>Joseph Chow, Greg Colvin, Daniel Heyman, Shahan Khatchadourian, Boris Mann, and Jamie Pitts for extremely helpful feedback, and to Alexey Akhunov and Fred Harrysson for helping me understand the various ways we might scale Ethereum 1.x.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>\u003c/div>\u003c/section>\u003c/div>\u003c/div>\u003c/article>\u003c/div>\u003c/div>\u003c/div>\u003cdiv class=\"ab cl\">\u003cdiv class=\"do bf dp dq dr ds\">\u003cdiv class=\"ly lz ab fs\">\u003cdiv class=\"ma ab\">\u003ca class=\"mb aw al mc\" rel=\"noopener follow\" href=\"/tag/blockchain?source=post_page-----bfc412cf0d24---------------blockchain-----------------\">\u003cdiv class=\"md di eu me mf mg bd b be z bi mh\">Blockchain\u003c/div>\u003c/a>\u003c/div>\u003cdiv class=\"ma ab\">\u003ca class=\"mb aw al mc\" rel=\"noopener follow\" href=\"/tag/ethereum?source=post_page-----bfc412cf0d24---------------ethereum-----------------\">\u003cdiv class=\"md di eu me mf mg bd b be z bi mh\">Ethereum\u003c/div>\u003c/a>\u003c/div>\u003cdiv class=\"ma ab\">\u003ca class=\"mb aw al mc\" rel=\"noopener follow\" href=\"/tag/governance?source=post_page-----bfc412cf0d24---------------governance-----------------\">\u003cdiv class=\"md di eu me mf mg bd b be z bi mh\">Governance\u003c/div>\u003c/a>\u003c/div>\u003cdiv class=\"ma ab\">\u003ca class=\"mb aw al mc\" rel=\"noopener follow\" href=\"/tag/transparency?source=post_page-----bfc412cf0d24---------------transparency-----------------\">\u003cdiv class=\"md di eu me mf mg bd b be z bi mh\">Transparency\u003c/div>\u003c/a>\u003c/div>\u003cdiv class=\"ma ab\">\u003ca class=\"mb aw al mc\" rel=\"noopener follow\" 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This was the largest in-person Ethereum governance gathering to date.\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_3\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_3\",\"name\":\"f416\",\"type\":\"P\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":null,\"metadata\":null,\"text\":\"A political storm is brewing in Ethereum over the question of transparency. How are decisions about the protocol made? Who is responsible for those decisions? What obligation do those decision makers have to be transparent about the processes that go into that decision making, and how much of that process needs to be transparent?\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_4\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_4\",\"name\":\"e179\",\"type\":\"P\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":null,\"metadata\":null,\"text\":\"This is my attempt to put things in a broader context and to explain what happened, why it matters, and where we should go from here.\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_5\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_5\",\"name\":\"37b1\",\"type\":\"H3\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":null,\"metadata\":null,\"text\":\"What happened?\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_6\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_6\",\"name\":\"ed6a\",\"type\":\"P\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":null,\"metadata\":null,\"text\":\"At the recent DevCon IV conference in Prague, a group of stakeholders held a series of meetings to discuss the Ethereum roadmap. One of the outcomes of these meetings was a proposal to invest more aggressively in the existing Ethereum mainnet infrastructure in parallel to the Ethereum 2.0 “Serenity” roadmap, an initiative dubbed “Ethereum 1.x” (#Eth1x for short). Several working groups were formed to further develop the proposal. I was present for several of these meetings. Here’s what happened from my perspective.\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_7\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_7\",\"name\":\"ba05\",\"type\":\"P\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":null,\"metadata\":null,\"text\":\"As Martin Köppelmann and Péter Szilágyi have pointed out, these “meetings” began as a series of ad hoc conversations on the sidelines of DevCon — which, I would argue, is one of the main purposes of an industry conference like DevCon: to get stakeholders who wouldn’t otherwise meet face-to-face into the same room to discuss topics they might not ordinarily discuss in their day-to-day work.\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"A\",\"start\":3,\"end\":20,\"href\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Ftwitter.com\\u002Fkoeppelmann\\u002Fstatus\\u002F1066009668122755073\",\"anchorType\":\"LINK\",\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null},{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"A\",\"start\":25,\"end\":39,\"href\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fgitter.im\\u002Fethereum\\u002FAllCoreDevs?at=5bf807e9fa7bbb3fe0f088d9\",\"anchorType\":\"LINK\",\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null}],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"ImageMetadata:1*FCUL8DQXHU2QAKfsl3WA0Q.jpeg\":{\"__typename\":\"ImageMetadata\",\"id\":\"1*FCUL8DQXHU2QAKfsl3WA0Q.jpeg\",\"originalHeight\":2319,\"originalWidth\":4032,\"focusPercentX\":null,\"focusPercentY\":null,\"alt\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_8\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_8\",\"name\":\"6787\",\"type\":\"IMG\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":\"INSET_CENTER\",\"metadata\":{\"__ref\":\"ImageMetadata:1*FCUL8DQXHU2QAKfsl3WA0Q.jpeg\"},\"text\":\"The Parity, Go Ethereum, and Ewasm teams meet to discuss state growth at DevCon. We were quite literally sitting on the floor, which, in my opinion, is the definition of an ad hoc meeting.\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_9\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_9\",\"name\":\"01b7\",\"type\":\"P\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":null,\"metadata\":null,\"text\":\"On Day One of DevCon I was chatting with some ConsenSys folks about an unrelated topic and they casually mentioned that they were planning to meet with EF research team member Danny Ryan later that day to discuss the Ethereum 2.0 roadmap and its implications for the new Pantheon client and its productization. They invited me to join and I accepted since the topic is relevant for our work on Ewasm. I invited Casey and Alex from the Ewasm team to join the meeting. There were around 14 attendees at this first meeting, at least half of whom are ConsenSys team members (the partial-but-mostly-complete list of attendees at each meeting is in the published notes).\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"A\",\"start\":176,\"end\":186,\"href\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fmedium.com\\u002F@djrtwo\",\"anchorType\":\"LINK\",\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null},{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"A\",\"start\":394,\"end\":399,\"href\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fgithub.com\\u002Fewasm\\u002Fdesign\",\"anchorType\":\"LINK\",\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null},{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"A\",\"start\":647,\"end\":662,\"href\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fdocs.google.com\\u002Fdocument\\u002Fd\\u002F1IB3oKuH5mryyhmVHE9r3aR6bK2pJCoJgAtiCYTEieh4\\u002Fedit#\",\"anchorType\":\"LINK\",\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null}],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"ImageMetadata:1*H4-YO5Ku9ZqHO2oFrx6Hdg.jpeg\":{\"__typename\":\"ImageMetadata\",\"id\":\"1*H4-YO5Ku9ZqHO2oFrx6Hdg.jpeg\",\"originalHeight\":1627,\"originalWidth\":2936,\"focusPercentX\":null,\"focusPercentY\":null,\"alt\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_10\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_10\",\"name\":\"7dde\",\"type\":\"IMG\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":\"INSET_CENTER\",\"metadata\":{\"__ref\":\"ImageMetadata:1*H4-YO5Ku9ZqHO2oFrx6Hdg.jpeg\"},\"text\":\"The first Ethereum 1.x meeting. Note the open door :)\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_11\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_11\",\"name\":\"18a1\",\"type\":\"P\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":null,\"metadata\":null,\"text\":\"The topic quickly turned from the Serenity roadmap to the health of the current Ethereum network and concerns that Péter raised about the growth of the state size. We had less than an hour to chat before the venue closed and we were forced to leave, but we decided to reconvene at the same time the following day.\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_12\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_12\",\"name\":\"a8ad\",\"type\":\"P\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":null,\"metadata\":null,\"text\":\"On Day Two, around 20 people gathered (around half from ConsenSys) to continue the conversation. At this second meeting, Péter proposed a three-prong approach to address the concerns he had previously raised which the group regarded as a reasonable action plan and which has since become known as the “Ethereum 1.x” proposal — outlined in more detail below. Again we ran out of time, and again we decided to reconvene once more to continue the important conversation.\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_13\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_13\",\"name\":\"f8ce\",\"type\":\"P\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":null,\"metadata\":null,\"text\":\"Finally, on the morning of the last day of DevCon, the group met one more time. It was largely the same group as the previous day, with a handful of subtractions and a handful of additions, approximately 25 people total. The focus of this meeting was concrete next steps: we established four working groups, three to explore the technical proposals on the table (more below) and one to collect data. We agreed that each working group would produce a proposal by Nov. 26, that we’d reconvene on a call on Nov. 30, that we’d aim to meet again in person around the Stanford Blockchain Conference in late January, and that we’d aim to publish a series of EIPs based on our research around that time. We set June 1, 2019 as a target date for getting some of these changes deployed on mainnet.\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"A\",\"start\":562,\"end\":592,\"href\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fcyber.stanford.edu\\u002Fsbc19\",\"anchorType\":\"LINK\",\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null}],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_14\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_14\",\"name\":\"79f9\",\"type\":\"H4\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":null,\"metadata\":null,\"text\":\"Feel free to share\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_15\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_15\",\"name\":\"2209\",\"type\":\"P\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":null,\"metadata\":null,\"text\":\"The organizer of the meetings, Daniel Heyman, a program director at PegaSys, circulated a set of notes he took during the meetings, with the header “Please feel free to share.” The original intent was to continue the conversation, then to draw up a set of proposals and share those publicly for comment. Someone shared the notes with Coindesk who subsequently published an article about the series of meetings and the roadmap, and others who had not been at the meeting expressed frustration that the process had not been more inclusive and transparent.\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"A\",\"start\":31,\"end\":44,\"href\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fmedium.com\\u002F@HeymanDaniel\",\"anchorType\":\"LINK\",\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null},{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"A\",\"start\":68,\"end\":75,\"href\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fpegasys.tech\\u002F\",\"anchorType\":\"LINK\",\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null},{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"A\",\"start\":90,\"end\":102,\"href\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fdocs.google.com\\u002Fdocument\\u002Fd\\u002F1IB3oKuH5mryyhmVHE9r3aR6bK2pJCoJgAtiCYTEieh4\\u002Fedit#\",\"anchorType\":\"LINK\",\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null},{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"A\",\"start\":149,\"end\":174,\"href\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Ftwitter.com\\u002Fbenjaminion_xyz\\u002Fstatus\\u002F1065978541454569474\",\"anchorType\":\"LINK\",\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null},{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"A\",\"start\":370,\"end\":380,\"href\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.coindesk.com\\u002Fethereum-developers-are-quietly-planning-an-accelerated-tech-roadmap\",\"anchorType\":\"LINK\",\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null}],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_16\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_16\",\"name\":\"88e7\",\"type\":\"P\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":null,\"metadata\":null,\"text\":\"We held a very productive follow-up call on Nov. 30 as planned. The meeting was open to all core developers but at the request of some participants it was not recorded or livestreamed, which also annoyed some people. Detailed, unattributed notes were released. The group still plans to meet in person in San Francisco at the end of January.\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"A\",\"start\":155,\"end\":183,\"href\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fdecryptmedia.com\\u002F2018\\u002F11\\u002F30\\u002Fthe-sort-of-secret-blockchain\\u002F\",\"anchorType\":\"LINK\",\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null},{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"A\",\"start\":196,\"end\":215,\"href\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Ftwitter.com\\u002F5chdn\\u002Fstatus\\u002F1068847768976932869\",\"anchorType\":\"LINK\",\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null},{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"A\",\"start\":240,\"end\":259,\"href\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fgithub.com\\u002Fethereum\\u002Fpm\\u002Fblob\\u002Fmaster\\u002FAll%20Core%20Devs%20Meetings\\u002FEth1x%20Sync%201.md\",\"anchorType\":\"LINK\",\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null}],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_17\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_17\",\"name\":\"83a5\",\"type\":\"H4\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":null,\"metadata\":null,\"text\":\"Open doors and closed doors\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_18\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_18\",\"name\":\"243a\",\"type\":\"P\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":null,\"metadata\":null,\"text\":\"Who should’ve been in the room? Should we have somehow made an effort to include more people?\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"ImageMetadata:1*muA-jMq07NCaW0OGh3CgIQ.png\":{\"__typename\":\"ImageMetadata\",\"id\":\"1*muA-jMq07NCaW0OGh3CgIQ.png\",\"originalHeight\":1784,\"originalWidth\":2528,\"focusPercentX\":null,\"focusPercentY\":null,\"alt\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_19\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_19\",\"name\":\"c9b1\",\"type\":\"IMG\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":\"INSET_CENTER\",\"metadata\":{\"__ref\":\"ImageMetadata:1*muA-jMq07NCaW0OGh3CgIQ.png\"},\"text\":\"The Eth1x sync call on November 30, which was open to all core research and development teams. Attendance peaked at around 45 people, setting a new record for an Ethereum core devs call.\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"A\",\"start\":4,\"end\":19,\"href\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fgithub.com\\u002Fethereum\\u002Fpm\\u002Fblob\\u002Fmaster\\u002FAll%20Core%20Devs%20Meetings\\u002FEth1x%20Sync%201.md\",\"anchorType\":\"LINK\",\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null}],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_20\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_20\",\"name\":\"180a\",\"type\":\"P\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":null,\"metadata\":null,\"text\":\"It’s my nature to be transparent and inclusive. There are many people I would’ve liked to have included in these meetings. Nevertheless I didn’t invite more for three reasons: 1. As far as I was concerned, the meeting was organized by someone else (ConsenSys), and I was an invited guest. It’s poor form to bring other people to an event that you, yourself, were invited to, without very good reason. (I brought Alex and Casey along because I cannot singlehandedly speak for the Ewasm team, but I didn’t broadcast that invitation more widely.) 2. DevCon is all about ad hoc, serendipitous encounters. I was invited to this meeting because I happened to be chatting with some ConsenSys folks earlier in the day about an unrelated topic. Many others who ended up in the room were there for other serendipitous reasons. Sometimes you have to let serendipity do its thing and I didn’t want to take away from anyone else’s DevCon experience by suggesting that they should attend yet another meeting, when the output of that meeting would be public anyway. 3. There quite literally wasn’t enough room for everyone. The spare breakout rooms at DevCon were designed for 10–15 people, and we had already brought in extra chairs to fit 20+.\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_21\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_21\",\"name\":\"8f41\",\"type\":\"P\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":null,\"metadata\":null,\"text\":\"I’ll come back to the topic of transparency in a moment, but first I want to spend a moment talking about “Ethereum 1.x” to put everything in context.\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_22\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_22\",\"name\":\"acb7\",\"type\":\"H3\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":null,\"metadata\":null,\"text\":\"What is Ethereum 1.x and why does it matter?\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_23\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_23\",\"name\":\"e41a\",\"type\":\"P\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":null,\"metadata\":null,\"text\":\"A long time ago, the Ethereum roadmap was divided into four overarching phases: Frontier, Homestead, Metropolis, and Serenity. My personal interpretation of the phases are as follows. Frontier was an early proof of concept “alpha” release. Homestead could be thought of as “beta” Ethereum: mostly working and stable but lacking robust security, still rough around the edges, and feature-incomplete. Metropolis is “Ethereum 1.0”: secure and reasonably feature-complete but not yet scalable. Serenity, a.k.a. “Ethereum 2.0,” is the “promised land” for Ethereum: a network that can scale to handle an arbitrarily large number of transactions. There are rumors of a fabled “Ethereum 3.0” in the far future but the roadmap becomes fuzzy at this point. (The astute reader should note that, by this logic, Ethereum has not yet reached a 1.0 release. We’re around 0.9 today. As such, Ethereum should still be considered beta software. Caveat emptor.)\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"A\",\"start\":669,\"end\":683,\"href\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Ftwitter.com\\u002Fdrakefjustin\\u002Fstatus\\u002F1072593728253104128\",\"anchorType\":\"LINK\",\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null},{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"A\",\"start\":901,\"end\":925,\"href\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Ftwitter.com\\u002Fvladzamfir\\u002Fstatus\\u002F838006311598030848?lang=en\",\"anchorType\":\"LINK\",\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null},{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"EM\",\"start\":812,\"end\":815,\"href\":null,\"anchorType\":null,\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null},{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"EM\",\"start\":816,\"end\":819,\"href\":null,\"anchorType\":null,\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null}],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_24\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_24\",\"name\":\"e9b5\",\"type\":\"P\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":null,\"metadata\":null,\"text\":\"The second phase of Metropolis, dubbed Constantinople, has been finalized and tested, and is scheduled to be released in mid-January 2019. Meanwhile, most attention and energy for the past year or two has been focused on the Ethereum 2.0 “Serenity” roadmap. This is understandable since Serenity brings major changes to Ethereum, most notably proof of stake (Casper) and sharding.\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"A\",\"start\":64,\"end\":73,\"href\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Feips.ethereum.org\\u002FEIPS\\u002Feip-1013\",\"anchorType\":\"LINK\",\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null},{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"A\",\"start\":78,\"end\":84,\"href\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Ftwitter.com\\u002F5chdn\\u002Fstatus\\u002F1065723700559912965\",\"anchorType\":\"LINK\",\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null},{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"A\",\"start\":93,\"end\":102,\"href\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Ftwitter.com\\u002Fpeter_szilagyi\\u002Fstatus\\u002F1071052095535628288\",\"anchorType\":\"LINK\",\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null}],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_25\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_25\",\"name\":\"861d\",\"type\":\"P\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":null,\"metadata\":null,\"text\":\"For a long time, the consensus in the Ethereum community was that we should focus on Serenity, which was previously expected to begin deployment in 2018, and not attempt to make any breaking changes as part of Metropolis.\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_26\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_26\",\"name\":\"c517\",\"type\":\"P\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":null,\"metadata\":null,\"text\":\"Where did that consensus emerge from? That’s hard to say, and it was before my time. While there are many more stakeholders today who have considerable sway, historically the roadmap was driven by a very small number of people. Figuring out how to adjust to this new, diverse, multi-stakeholder world is part of the central thrust of this article.\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"A\",\"start\":101,\"end\":129,\"href\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.coindesk.com\\u002Fnext-gen-buidlers-the-8-teams-working-on-ethereum-2-0\",\"anchorType\":\"LINK\",\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null}],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_27\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_27\",\"name\":\"7b78\",\"type\":\"P\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":null,\"metadata\":null,\"text\":\"The situation changed in June when the decision was made to combine the hitherto distinct sharding and Casper workstreams (hence, “Shasper,” a tongue-in-cheek reference to Serenity). One result of this change is that the most aggressive estimates suggest Serenity won’t begin deployment until 2019.\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"A\",\"start\":35,\"end\":56,\"href\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fmedium.com\\u002F@djrtwo\\u002Fcasper-%EF%B8%8F-sharding-28a90077f121\",\"anchorType\":\"LINK\",\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null},{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"A\",\"start\":221,\"end\":246,\"href\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.youtube.com\\u002Fwatch?v=QDwaAnhSJk8\",\"anchorType\":\"LINK\",\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null}],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_28\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_28\",\"name\":\"8299\",\"type\":\"P\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":null,\"metadata\":null,\"text\":\"This leads to two related but distinct challenges.\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_29\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_29\",\"name\":\"1f2d\",\"type\":\"H4\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":null,\"metadata\":null,\"text\":\"The technical challenge\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"ImageMetadata:1*xeBve64O_jRkOkFykQXGGQ.png\":{\"__typename\":\"ImageMetadata\",\"id\":\"1*xeBve64O_jRkOkFykQXGGQ.png\",\"originalHeight\":1286,\"originalWidth\":2370,\"focusPercentX\":null,\"focusPercentY\":null,\"alt\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_30\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_30\",\"name\":\"eeaf\",\"type\":\"IMG\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":\"INSET_CENTER\",\"metadata\":{\"__ref\":\"ImageMetadata:1*xeBve64O_jRkOkFykQXGGQ.png\"},\"text\":\"Growth in Ethereum state storage items. From Alexey Akhunov’s storage rent proposal.\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"A\",\"start\":62,\"end\":83,\"href\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fgithub.com\\u002Fledgerwatch\\u002Feth_state\\u002Fblob\\u002Fmaster\\u002FState_rent.pdf\",\"anchorType\":\"LINK\",\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null}],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_31\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_31\",\"name\":\"a910\",\"type\":\"P\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":null,\"metadata\":null,\"text\":\"Making Ethereum work today is extraordinarily challenging. Keeping up with Ethereum mainnet is a constantly, rapidly moving target. The state size continues to grow, requiring cleverer and cleverer engineering to maintain it. Commodity hardware struggles and, these days, mostly fails to keep up with the head of the chain.\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"A\",\"start\":272,\"end\":284,\"href\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fgitter.im\\u002Fethereum\\u002FAllCoreDevs?at=5c113a7d28907a3c7b0c146a\",\"anchorType\":\"LINK\",\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null}],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_32\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_32\",\"name\":\"1f78\",\"type\":\"P\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":null,\"metadata\":null,\"text\":\"At this point it is unclear where the trajectories of state growth, the number of active Ethereum nodes, the size and cost of commodity storage hardware, and the impact of scaling intersect. There is a fear among some core developers that state growth is getting out of hand and needs to be bounded in the not-too-distant future or the existing Ethereum chain may not live to see the light of Serenity’s day.\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_33\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_33\",\"name\":\"d34d\",\"type\":\"P\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":null,\"metadata\":null,\"text\":\"I can speak to the cost personally as I’ve been running a couple of full nodes for the past few months, and I just shut one down because I can no longer afford it. Here’s the breakdown of the AWS charges for running two nodes, one full and one an archival node, for one recent month. If the requirements and cost of running a node continue to exceed the rate at which commodity hardware improves and cheapens, Ethereum will collapse down to a small, relatively centralized core of nodes run by economically incentivized participants such as Infura and Etherscan. The total node count has declined from 30,000 at the start of 2018 to around 9,500 today and it continues to drop. There are multiple reasons for this decline, but the cost and difficulty of running a full node today is doubtless one, if not the main reason.\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"A\",\"start\":227,\"end\":260,\"href\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fdev.to\\u002F5chdn\\u002Fthe-ethereum-blockchain-size-will-not-exceed-1tb-anytime-soon-58a\",\"anchorType\":\"LINK\",\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null},{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"A\",\"start\":567,\"end\":583,\"href\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.ethernodes.org\\u002Fnetwork\\u002F1\",\"anchorType\":\"LINK\",\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null}],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"ImageMetadata:1*yNQtWkI1crb4VjhuTUdWOw.png\":{\"__typename\":\"ImageMetadata\",\"id\":\"1*yNQtWkI1crb4VjhuTUdWOw.png\",\"originalHeight\":562,\"originalWidth\":2002,\"focusPercentX\":null,\"focusPercentY\":null,\"alt\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_34\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_34\",\"name\":\"d799\",\"type\":\"IMG\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":\"INSET_CENTER\",\"metadata\":{\"__ref\":\"ImageMetadata:1*yNQtWkI1crb4VjhuTUdWOw.png\"},\"text\":\"The bulk of the cost comes from storing terabytes worth of data on SSD. There is some degree of redundancy here and the costs could probably be reduced by about half with careful pruning but it’s still not cheap.\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_35\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_35\",\"name\":\"37ad\",\"type\":\"P\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":null,\"metadata\":null,\"text\":\"As the transaction volume and overall state size continue their steep ascent, pressure continues to mount on client software to keep up. At present there are only two production clients that are able to sync and reliably keep up with the mainnet, making up around 90% of all Ethereum nodes, and between them there are maybe ten core developers who are responsible for the bulk of the research and code required to make this possible. These developers understandably feel an enormous burden and an increasing degree of frustration.\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"A\",\"start\":257,\"end\":267,\"href\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.ethernodes.org\\u002Fnetwork\\u002F1\",\"anchorType\":\"LINK\",\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null},{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"A\",\"start\":324,\"end\":343,\"href\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Ftwitter.com\\u002Fpeter_szilagyi\\u002Fstatus\\u002F1066670926274674688\",\"anchorType\":\"LINK\",\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null}],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_36\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_36\",\"name\":\"5b13\",\"type\":\"P\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":null,\"metadata\":null,\"text\":\"[EDIT 2019–01–12: I’ll leave the original text intact, above, but I want to add a clarification on these numbers since I understand that they may have caused some confusion. The cost highlighted here is for running multiple nodes, including an archival node (for research purposes), which most people do not and never will need to do. The size of a pruned Ethereum full node, which still contains all chain data, is much smaller. I posted more specific numbers here: it looks like you can run a full node on AWS today for around $50–70 per month, and perhaps less on other cloud providers. As has been pointed out in the responses to this article, you can also run nodes very cheaply at home. However, my primary point remains: the Ethereum node count has fallen precipitously in recent months.]\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"A\",\"start\":244,\"end\":257,\"href\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Ftwitter.com\\u002F5chdn\\u002Fstatus\\u002F999210007756451840\",\"anchorType\":\"LINK\",\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null},{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"A\",\"start\":416,\"end\":428,\"href\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Ftwitter.com\\u002F5chdn\\u002Fstatus\\u002F1081607666718380034\",\"anchorType\":\"LINK\",\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null},{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"A\",\"start\":461,\"end\":465,\"href\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Ftwitter.com\\u002Flrettig\\u002Fstatus\\u002F1080459897500778498\",\"anchorType\":\"LINK\",\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null},{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"A\",\"start\":602,\"end\":613,\"href\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fmedium.com\\u002F@tjayrush\\u002Fthis-is-great-lane-but-the-part-where-you-say-it-costs-upwards-of-1-200-a-month-to-run-an-archive-ce05af47a8a6\",\"anchorType\":\"LINK\",\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null},{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"EM\",\"start\":231,\"end\":257,\"href\":null,\"anchorType\":null,\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null},{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"EM\",\"start\":382,\"end\":396,\"href\":null,\"anchorType\":null,\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null},{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"EM\",\"start\":397,\"end\":412,\"href\":null,\"anchorType\":null,\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null},{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"EM\",\"start\":752,\"end\":755,\"href\":null,\"anchorType\":null,\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null}],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_37\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_37\",\"name\":\"4825\",\"type\":\"H4\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":null,\"metadata\":null,\"text\":\"The social challenge\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_38\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_38\",\"name\":\"6d60\",\"type\":\"P\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":null,\"metadata\":null,\"text\":\"The second challenge is more social than technical. As more and more attention and resources have been directed towards Ethereum 2.0, and as the road to Serenity has lengthened, many current Ethereum 1.0 teams have been left wondering what this means for them and their projects.\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_39\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_39\",\"name\":\"644c\",\"type\":\"P\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":null,\"metadata\":null,\"text\":\"One of the biggest challenges in a permissionless ecosystem, where developers are free to work on whatever they find most interesting with little to no top-down oversight, is maintenance. If more core developers are interested in “building the future” by contributing to Serenity or layer two applications, who is responsible for maintaining the existing Ethereum mainnet, and how are those maintainers incentivized, socially as well as economically?\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"ImageMetadata:1*SYWWxK3P9yrdDeyYbfRqCw.jpeg\":{\"__typename\":\"ImageMetadata\",\"id\":\"1*SYWWxK3P9yrdDeyYbfRqCw.jpeg\",\"originalHeight\":2591,\"originalWidth\":4032,\"focusPercentX\":null,\"focusPercentY\":null,\"alt\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_40\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_40\",\"name\":\"b35b\",\"type\":\"IMG\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":\"INSET_CENTER\",\"metadata\":{\"__ref\":\"ImageMetadata:1*SYWWxK3P9yrdDeyYbfRqCw.jpeg\"},\"text\":\"A small number of people tend to get a disproportionately large share of the attention in our community. How do we recognize and motivate the silent builders working tirelessly to keep Ethereum running? Who is the John Harrison to Ethereum’s Captain Cook? (Photo from ETHBuenosAires)\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_41\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_41\",\"name\":\"c6af\",\"type\":\"P\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":null,\"metadata\":null,\"text\":\"Ethereum core developers today are under enormous pressure and many feel overworked and under-appreciated. They fulfill an essential role in the community but get very little credit since the best engineering tends to be invisible. To cite an oft-used example, we remember the names of the explorers who sailed around the world and discovered new lands, such as Henry Hudson and James Cook, but by and large not the names of the engineers who made those journeys possible, such as John Harrison, the Yorkshire carpenter who spent decades perfecting a chronograph reliable enough to tell time at sea.\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"A\",\"start\":524,\"end\":562,\"href\":\"http:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.returnofkings.com\\u002F109297\\u002Fhow-john-harrison-solved-the-explorers-problem-of-longitude\",\"anchorType\":\"LINK\",\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null}],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_42\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_42\",\"name\":\"9d83\",\"type\":\"P\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":null,\"metadata\":null,\"text\":\"The “1.x or 2.0” question is also a serious challenge for teams such as Nimbus and Pantheon that are implementing new Ethereum clients from scratch. Should they work towards the existing Constantinople spec, or should they attempt to build Ethereum 2.0 today, a moving target? Should they build an EVM execution engine, or should they go straight to Ewasm?\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"A\",\"start\":72,\"end\":78,\"href\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fgithub.com\\u002Fstatus-im\\u002Fnimbus\",\"anchorType\":\"LINK\",\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null},{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"A\",\"start\":83,\"end\":91,\"href\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fgithub.com\\u002FPegaSysEng\\u002Fpantheon\",\"anchorType\":\"LINK\",\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null}],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_43\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_43\",\"name\":\"e10c\",\"type\":\"H4\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":null,\"metadata\":null,\"text\":\"The Ethereum 1.x proposal\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_44\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_44\",\"name\":\"eff0\",\"type\":\"P\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":null,\"metadata\":null,\"text\":\"All of this leads us to the Ethereum 1.x proposal, which represents a renewed effort to invest in the existing Ethereum 1.0 network and ensure that it can survive and thrive indefinitely, or as long as necessary until Ethereum 2.0 is ready to take its place. It addresses the technical challenge of unbounded state growth through pruning and the introduction of storage rent, and the decision to continue investing in Ethereum 1.x goes a long way towards addressing the social concerns as well.\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_45\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_45\",\"name\":\"32db\",\"type\":\"P\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":null,\"metadata\":null,\"text\":\"Casey Detrio already shared a great writeup of the technical details of the proposal, so I won’t repeat them here. The four working groups have all published their proposals, which are open for discussion on the Fellowship of Ethereum Magicians forum.\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"A\",\"start\":0,\"end\":12,\"href\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fmedium.com\\u002F@cdetrio\",\"anchorType\":\"LINK\",\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null},{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"A\",\"start\":30,\"end\":43,\"href\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fethereum-magicians.org\\u002Ft\\u002Fethereum-1-dot-x-a-half-baked-roadmap-for-mainnet-improvements\\u002F1995?u=lrettig\",\"anchorType\":\"LINK\",\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null},{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"A\",\"start\":158,\"end\":173,\"href\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fgithub.com\\u002Fethereum\\u002Fpm\\u002Fblob\\u002Fmaster\\u002FAll%20Core%20Devs%20Meetings\\u002FEth1x%20Sync%201.md#agenda\",\"anchorType\":\"LINK\",\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null},{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"A\",\"start\":245,\"end\":250,\"href\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fethereum-magicians.org\",\"anchorType\":\"LINK\",\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null}],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_46\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_46\",\"name\":\"7177\",\"type\":\"P\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":null,\"metadata\":null,\"text\":\"It’s important to note that Ethereum 1.x is not a monolithic plan so much as a bundle of disparate-but-somewhat-related proposals to improve Ethereum today while waiting for Serenity. The most aggressive estimates suggest that Ethereum 1.x could theoretically achieve a dramatic increase in throughput through a combination of a reduced uncle rate, state pruning, parallelization, Ewasm, and several other ideas, although in practice it’s likely that such an increase would be limited to 1.5–5x to limit sync time, state growth, and the effects of centralization, to have a safety valve for the next Cryptokitties, and due to fundamental I\\u002FO limits.\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"A\",\"start\":270,\"end\":301,\"href\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fethereum-magicians.org\\u002Ft\\u002Fhypothetical-maximum-scale-of-eth-1-x\\u002F2264\",\"anchorType\":\"LINK\",\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null},{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"A\",\"start\":329,\"end\":347,\"href\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fgithub.com\\u002Fparitytech\\u002Fparity-ethereum\\u002Fpull\\u002F9954\",\"anchorType\":\"LINK\",\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null},{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"A\",\"start\":349,\"end\":362,\"href\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fgist.github.com\\u002Fkaralabe\\u002F60be7bef184c8ec286fc7ee2b35b0b5b#theoretical-solution\",\"anchorType\":\"LINK\",\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null},{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"A\",\"start\":364,\"end\":379,\"href\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fslideslive.com\\u002F38911946\",\"anchorType\":\"LINK\",\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null},{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"A\",\"start\":381,\"end\":386,\"href\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fgithub.com\\u002Fewasm\\u002Fdesign\\u002Fblob\\u002Fmaster\\u002Frationale.md\",\"anchorType\":\"LINK\",\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null},{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"A\",\"start\":498,\"end\":513,\"href\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Ftwitter.com\\u002FVitalikButerin\\u002Fstatus\\u002F1072488883533869058?s=20\",\"anchorType\":\"LINK\",\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null},{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"A\",\"start\":626,\"end\":648,\"href\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fblog.ethereum.org\\u002F2016\\u002F10\\u002F31\\u002Funcle-rate-transaction-fee-analysis\\u002F\",\"anchorType\":\"LINK\",\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null}],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_47\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_47\",\"name\":\"ed66\",\"type\":\"P\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":null,\"metadata\":null,\"text\":\"Why didn’t we attempt to scale Ethereum 1.x previously? Many of these ideas are not new and have been around as long as Serenity, if not longer. My personal belief is that it’s a combination of three factors: 1. Until very recently, Ethereum was a “science experiment” and no one was really using it anyway, so scaling simply wasn’t a question. 2. Until very recently, it was easy to believe that Serenity would be a panacea that would solve all scaling problems, now and forever, and that it would be here soon enough that it didn’t make sense to invest in other scaling technologies. 3. State growth has recently become a serious issue, and any attempt to scale Ethereum today without a solution would only exacerbate the problem.\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"A\",\"start\":248,\"end\":268,\"href\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Ffinance.yahoo.com\\u002Fnews\\u002Fyahoo-crypto-bitcoin-economist-makes-030027305.html\",\"anchorType\":\"LINK\",\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null},{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"A\",\"start\":589,\"end\":601,\"href\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fgithub.com\\u002Fledgerwatch\\u002Feth_state\\u002Fblob\\u002Fmaster\\u002FState_rent.pdf\",\"anchorType\":\"LINK\",\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null}],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_48\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_48\",\"name\":\"f5a6\",\"type\":\"H3\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":null,\"metadata\":null,\"text\":\"Two sides to the story\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"ImageMetadata:1*9RBdWZQH9bjVfX6NM4YFog.jpeg\":{\"__typename\":\"ImageMetadata\",\"id\":\"1*9RBdWZQH9bjVfX6NM4YFog.jpeg\",\"originalHeight\":2661,\"originalWidth\":4032,\"focusPercentX\":null,\"focusPercentY\":null,\"alt\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_49\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_49\",\"name\":\"2a1c\",\"type\":\"IMG\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":\"INSET_CENTER\",\"metadata\":{\"__ref\":\"ImageMetadata:1*9RBdWZQH9bjVfX6NM4YFog.jpeg\"},\"text\":\"Luis Cuende and John Light of Aragon share their findings from one of the #EIP0 breakout sessions in Toronto in May. Aragon has been a leader in promoting radical transparency.\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"A\",\"start\":145,\"end\":175,\"href\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fblog.aragon.org\\u002Fwhy-transparency-matters-d6f9e6e10985\\u002F\",\"anchorType\":\"LINK\",\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null}],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_50\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_50\",\"name\":\"14e8\",\"type\":\"P\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":null,\"metadata\":null,\"text\":\"Back to the question of transparency, which was very much on our minds as we met in Prague. While everyone agreed that the output of the initiative would be a series of public EIPs, opinions differed on how much transparency was needed at each stage. Some felt that the entire process should be transparent from the start. Others felt that we should iterate a bit more to produce reasonable proposals and, in particular, that we should test our assumptions against real data and release proposed solutions alongside the problem statement, lest it be perceived as apocalyptic.\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_51\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_51\",\"name\":\"7b34\",\"type\":\"P\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":null,\"metadata\":null,\"text\":\"Some expressed a desire for a more private forum where core devs and researchers could communicate openly beyond the public spotlight, but Vitalik and others argued convincingly against any form of “institutionalized privacy” such as private calls or a private forum.\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_52\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_52\",\"name\":\"6815\",\"type\":\"P\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":null,\"metadata\":null,\"text\":\"There are two sides to this story and I want to explain both.\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_53\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_53\",\"name\":\"91dc\",\"type\":\"H4\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":null,\"metadata\":null,\"text\":\"Why transparency is good\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_54\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_54\",\"name\":\"e219\",\"type\":\"P\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":null,\"metadata\":null,\"text\":\"This is sort of a no-brainer. Other things being equal, more transparency is always desirable because it minimizes corruption and maximizes the number of stakeholders whose interests are represented. Lack of transparency inevitably leads to backroom deals, corruption, distrust, and, in the extreme case, capture. Ethereum, by contrast, is a fundamentally open platform: all stakeholders in the platform, be they core developers, researchers, app developers, miners, exchanges, traders, hodlers, or users, have the right to observe and participate in governance. The EIP process is designed to facilitate this.\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"A\",\"start\":305,\"end\":312,\"href\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.economist.com\\u002Fleaders\\u002F2018\\u002F11\\u002F24\\u002Fsome-international-regulators-have-been-captured-by-producer-interests\",\"anchorType\":\"LINK\",\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null},{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"A\",\"start\":567,\"end\":578,\"href\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fgithub.com\\u002Fethereum\\u002FEIPs\\u002F\",\"anchorType\":\"LINK\",\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null}],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_55\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_55\",\"name\":\"aa2e\",\"type\":\"P\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":null,\"metadata\":null,\"text\":\"Policy aside, there’s something even deeper at play here: Ethereum simply cannot exist without the support of a broad contingent of stakeholders. Due to the open nature of the code and data, any sufficiently large subset of stakeholders has the power to fork Ethereum at any time. The fork is our superpower. It’s what sets us apart from default world governance and it’s a powerful coordination mechanism that acts as our safety valve of last resort: if all else fails, if the current governance mechanisms were ever to fail or become corrupt, any subset of the community would always have the option of forking and installing different governance mechanisms.\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"EM\",\"start\":58,\"end\":86,\"href\":null,\"anchorType\":null,\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null},{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"EM\",\"start\":87,\"end\":145,\"href\":null,\"anchorType\":null,\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null}],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_56\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_56\",\"name\":\"2a5e\",\"type\":\"P\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":null,\"metadata\":null,\"text\":\"In fact, it’s even easier than coordinating a fork: it only requires inaction, e.g., the decision not to upgrade the software and participate in a sanctioned hard fork. Witness the birth of Ethereum Classic.\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"A\",\"start\":190,\"end\":206,\"href\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\\u002Fwiki\\u002FEthereum_Classic\",\"anchorType\":\"LINK\",\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null},{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"EM\",\"start\":69,\"end\":78,\"href\":null,\"anchorType\":null,\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null}],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_57\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_57\",\"name\":\"d5e0\",\"type\":\"P\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":null,\"metadata\":null,\"text\":\"This mechanism is called exit or voice. If a sufficiently large set of stakeholders were to become disenfranchised or were to feel that their interests were not being represented — in other words, if they felt that they didn’t have a voice — they could choose to exit. This mechanism keeps the core developers honest. Transparency is key for enfranchisement.\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"A\",\"start\":25,\"end\":38,\"href\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\\u002Fwiki\\u002FExit,_Voice,_and_Loyalty\",\"anchorType\":\"LINK\",\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null},{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"EM\",\"start\":234,\"end\":242,\"href\":null,\"anchorType\":null,\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null},{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"EM\",\"start\":263,\"end\":269,\"href\":null,\"anchorType\":null,\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null}],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_58\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_58\",\"name\":\"060a\",\"type\":\"H4\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":null,\"metadata\":null,\"text\":\"Where transparency is challenging\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_59\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_59\",\"name\":\"8162\",\"type\":\"P\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":null,\"metadata\":null,\"text\":\"As described under Social Challenge, above, Ethereum core developers today are under enormous pressure and many feel overworked and under-appreciated.\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_60\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_60\",\"name\":\"507d\",\"type\":\"P\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":null,\"metadata\":null,\"text\":\"Many core developers feel antagonized by the media: they are often misquoted and their words taken out of context to push some particular agenda. They feel that they are overly scrutinized. What’s more, they feel that the ones doing the criticizing do not appreciate how much pressure they are under and in many cases are people who haven’t themselves added any value to the project. Like engineers everywhere, they want to be left alone to do good work in the way that they see fit.\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_61\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_61\",\"name\":\"3f3e\",\"type\":\"P\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":null,\"metadata\":null,\"text\":\"There is growing frustration with how difficult it is to “get anything done” in Ethereum since even seemingly small changes can take months of back-and-forth political wrangling. This is, of course, by design and it’s one of Ethereum’s great strengths — that no individual or organization can unilaterally push through a protocol change without broad support. But software developers are not naturally inclined to enjoy politics.\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_62\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_62\",\"name\":\"f82f\",\"type\":\"P\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":null,\"metadata\":null,\"text\":\"Coordinating political dialogue among dozens of core developers and attempting to factor in the sentiment of thousands of others in the community, all the while feeling under attack by the media and the public, leads to a lot of stress and enormous cognitive burden. The Ethereum 1.x initiative and the meetings in Prague happened in response to this frustration. A subgroup of core developers came together out of love for Ethereum and a desire to improve the protocol. They wanted to put their heads together and write up a series of proposals that would be released to the public and flow into the existing, open EIP process.\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_63\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_63\",\"name\":\"d60a\",\"type\":\"P\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":null,\"metadata\":null,\"text\":\"We can turn to more mature industries for inspiration. The best designers include both a public, open component and a private, closed component in the design process. Design thinking is a well-understood process which involves successive stages that alternate between external, customer focus (empathize, define, test) and internal, private focus (ideate, prototype). I think a similar process of iterating between public (seeking to understand problems, testing proposed solutions, collecting feedback) and private (drawing up proposals, prototyping) is an effective way to develop strong technical proposals as well. It also offers developers some respite from the burden of operating under the public gaze.\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"A\",\"start\":227,\"end\":244,\"href\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.interaction-design.org\\u002Fliterature\\u002Farticle\\u002F5-stages-in-the-design-thinking-process\",\"anchorType\":\"LINK\",\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null}],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_64\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_64\",\"name\":\"b9bd\",\"type\":\"P\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":null,\"metadata\":null,\"text\":\"The most important point to make is that no decisions were being made in these meetings, just discussion and coordination leading towards open proposals.\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_65\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_65\",\"name\":\"b967\",\"type\":\"H4\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":null,\"metadata\":null,\"text\":\"The bigger picture\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_66\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_66\",\"name\":\"0f9e\",\"type\":\"P\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":null,\"metadata\":null,\"text\":\"I want to zoom out from Ethereum for a moment to explore the broader context to the questions we’re discussing here: transparency, radical participation, and technocracy. To be clear, none of these are new ideas and in many ways we are rehashing struggles that humans have been facing for millennia. We must recognize this and we should seek to learn from past examples and prior scholarship on these topics.\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_67\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_67\",\"name\":\"3ab2\",\"type\":\"P\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":null,\"metadata\":null,\"text\":\"Ethereum governance today is mostly informal and it happens off-chain in the realm of humans and egos. The EIP process is the one regular, formal governance mechanism, and even it is rough around the edges: no one has ever formally defined “core dev” (here’s Hudson’s most recent takes on this: one two), nor been able to articulate precisely who is invited to the All Core Devs calls nor the precise magic needed to get an EIP brought up in the call. To be clear, I consider this a good thing and one of Ethereum’s greatest strengths since a more formalized governance mechanism risks capture, corruption, or losing the discretion of node operators who must proactively opt into forks.\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"A\",\"start\":49,\"end\":69,\"href\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fmedium.com\\u002F@Vlad_Zamfir\\u002Fagainst-on-chain-governance-a4ceacd040ca\",\"anchorType\":\"LINK\",\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null},{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"A\",\"start\":259,\"end\":267,\"href\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fmedium.com\\u002F@hudsonjameson\",\"anchorType\":\"LINK\",\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null},{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"A\",\"start\":295,\"end\":298,\"href\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fgithub.com\\u002Fethereum\\u002Fpm\\u002Fblob\\u002Fmaster\\u002FAll%20Core%20Devs%20Meetings\\u002FMeeting%2050.md#discussion-about-openness-and-roadmap-discussions-in-prague\",\"anchorType\":\"LINK\",\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null},{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"A\",\"start\":299,\"end\":302,\"href\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fgitter.im\\u002Fethereum\\u002FAllCoreDevs?at=5c013fbb464b6c0fd66cba27\",\"anchorType\":\"LINK\",\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null},{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"A\",\"start\":541,\"end\":593,\"href\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.youtube.com\\u002Fwatch?v=lLMVkmSTwho\",\"anchorType\":\"LINK\",\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null},{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"EM\",\"start\":177,\"end\":179,\"href\":null,\"anchorType\":null,\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null}],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_68\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_68\",\"name\":\"81e9\",\"type\":\"P\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":null,\"metadata\":null,\"text\":\"However, there is a downside to highly informal governance mechanisms: they tend towards backroom deals and a lack of transparency. This is a classic challenge of governance known as the Tyranny of Structurelessness. Tl;dr version: there is no such thing as a lack of structure. In its absence, humans organize themselves in an ad hoc, social fashion and the result, lacking transparency or formal participation mechanisms, may be worse than a more structured approach to begin with.\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"A\",\"start\":187,\"end\":215,\"href\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\\u002Fwiki\\u002FThe_Tyranny_of_Structurelessness\",\"anchorType\":\"LINK\",\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null}],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_69\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_69\",\"name\":\"708a\",\"type\":\"P\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":null,\"metadata\":null,\"text\":\"The EIP process is our stopgap transparency mechanism but there are many, many conversations and much research leading up to EIPs that belongs in the public domain as well — and that would benefit from the input of a larger, more diverse body of stakeholders. For this reason, and given our informal system of governance, it is incumbent upon stakeholders such as core developers to act as transparently as possible at all times, and to choose transparency as a default, restricting it only when the circumstances call for it, and then only narrowly (such as via use of Chatham House, more on which in a moment).\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_70\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_70\",\"name\":\"a663\",\"type\":\"H4\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":null,\"metadata\":null,\"text\":\"Technocracy\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"MediaResource:fb4c88d4ce7eee5dda5ac7a745ddad16\":{\"__typename\":\"MediaResource\",\"id\":\"fb4c88d4ce7eee5dda5ac7a745ddad16\",\"iframeSrc\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fcdn.embedly.com\\u002Fwidgets\\u002Fmedia.html?type=text%2Fhtml&key=a19fcc184b9711e1b4764040d3dc5c07&schema=twitter&url=https%3A\\u002F\\u002Ftwitter.com\\u002Fvitalikbuterin\\u002Fstatus\\u002F1070971533474951168&image=https%3A\\u002F\\u002Fi.embed.ly\\u002F1\\u002Fimage%3Furl%3Dhttps%253A%252F%252Fpbs.twimg.com%252Fprofile_images%252F977496875887558661%252FL86xyLF4_400x400.jpg%26key%3Da19fcc184b9711e1b4764040d3dc5c07\",\"iframeHeight\":281,\"iframeWidth\":500,\"title\":\"Vitalik Non-giver of Ether on Twitter\"},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_71\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_71\",\"name\":\"d926\",\"type\":\"IFRAME\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":\"INSET_CENTER\",\"metadata\":null,\"text\":\"\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":{\"__typename\":\"Iframe\",\"mediaResource\":{\"__ref\":\"MediaResource:fb4c88d4ce7eee5dda5ac7a745ddad16\"}},\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_72\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_72\",\"name\":\"272f\",\"type\":\"P\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":null,\"metadata\":null,\"text\":\"I also want to briefly address the question of technocracy, since it came up as part of the Ethereum 1.x conversation. The argument goes something like this: The challenges (such as lack of rent) that Ethereum is facing today are highly technical and only a very small number of people in the world understand them well enough to make an informed decision about them. Therefore, it doesn’t matter what the uninformed public thinks. We technologists need to make an informed decision that’s in everybody’s best interest.\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"A\",\"start\":47,\"end\":58,\"href\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\\u002Fwiki\\u002FTechnocracy\",\"anchorType\":\"LINK\",\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null}],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_73\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_73\",\"name\":\"903d\",\"type\":\"P\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":null,\"metadata\":null,\"text\":\"This question — technocracy vs. democracy — is as old as human civilization. Technocracy is appealing to those in charge but it’s extraordinarily dangerous. The rise in populism globally in recent years and the ongoing protests in France over the past few weeks are in many ways an expression of public anger at the perception of a distant elite making paternalistic, technocratic decisions on their behalf — including removing fuel subsidies, which hits frighteningly close to home for us.\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"A\",\"start\":455,\"end\":482,\"href\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Ftwitter.com\\u002Flrettig\\u002Fstatus\\u002F1071018250954100738\",\"anchorType\":\"LINK\",\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null}],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_74\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_74\",\"name\":\"3ba8\",\"type\":\"P\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":null,\"metadata\":null,\"text\":\"Taken to the extreme, technocracy becomes extreme paternalism, authoritarianism, even apartheid (in the non-racial sense), as it involves dividing the community into two groups, those who (by some arbitrary criteria) “get it” and those who “don’t,” and allowing those who “get it” to make decisions on behalf of those who “don’t.”\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_75\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_75\",\"name\":\"2706\",\"type\":\"P\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":null,\"metadata\":null,\"text\":\"It shouldn’t take too much reflection to realize that technocracy is in fact antithetical to the values of Ethereum and to the world we are trying to build — a world that enfranchises all humans everywhere, a permissionless world free of gatekeepers, a world where you can self-identify as a core developer (or any other class of stakeholder) if you so desire.\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"A\",\"start\":265,\"end\":306,\"href\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fmedium.com\\u002Fcrypto-nyc\\u002Fso-you-think-you-want-to-be-a-core-developer-87cca2cb475e\",\"anchorType\":\"LINK\",\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null}],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_76\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_76\",\"name\":\"4853\",\"type\":\"P\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":null,\"metadata\":null,\"text\":\"Humans are silly and fallible and sometimes we make decisions that are against our self-interest or the self-interest of our community, but we need to respect these decisions, too, and let people be free to make these mistakes. I believe that the voice of the community in Ethereum is sacrosanct and inviolable. Instead of lamenting poor decisions, and instead of building a technocracy, we should seek to educate and enfranchise a larger and larger portion of the community — including the press, which should help alleviate some of the concerns about misrepresentation.\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_77\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_77\",\"name\":\"4379\",\"type\":\"P\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":null,\"metadata\":null,\"text\":\"And, if you disagree, you are also free to fork away to your own private technocratic paradise chain (Techthereum?). Exit or voice!\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_78\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_78\",\"name\":\"662e\",\"type\":\"P\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":null,\"metadata\":null,\"text\":\"I’ll leave you with this powerful quote from Brave New World, and ask you to contemplate what it means for Ethereum:\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"A\",\"start\":45,\"end\":60,\"href\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.goodreads.com\\u002Fquotes\\u002F297074-but-i-don-t-want-comfort-i-want-god-i-want\",\"anchorType\":\"LINK\",\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null}],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_79\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_79\",\"name\":\"585f\",\"type\":\"BQ\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":null,\"metadata\":null,\"text\":\"‘But I don’t want comfort. I want God, I want poetry, I want real danger, I want freedom, I want goodness, I want sin.’\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_80\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_80\",\"name\":\"66a3\",\"type\":\"BQ\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":null,\"metadata\":null,\"text\":\"‘In fact,’ said Mustapha Mond, ‘you’re claiming the right to be unhappy.’\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_81\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_81\",\"name\":\"89a2\",\"type\":\"BQ\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":null,\"metadata\":null,\"text\":\"‘All right then,’ said the Savage defiantly, ‘I’m claiming the right to be unhappy.’\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_82\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_82\",\"name\":\"80b4\",\"type\":\"BQ\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":null,\"metadata\":null,\"text\":\"‘Not to mention the right to grow old and ugly and impotent; the right to have syphilis and cancer; the right to have too little to eat; the right to be lousy; the right to live in constant apprehension of what may happen tomorrow; the right to catch typhoid; the right to be tortured by unspeakable pains of every kind.’ There was a long silence.\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_83\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_83\",\"name\":\"b3e6\",\"type\":\"BQ\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":null,\"metadata\":null,\"text\":\"‘I claim them all,’ said the Savage at last.\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_84\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_84\",\"name\":\"78d4\",\"type\":\"H3\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":null,\"metadata\":null,\"text\":\"Keeping governance open\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_85\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_85\",\"name\":\"2673\",\"type\":\"P\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":null,\"metadata\":null,\"text\":\"To wrap up the question of transparency, I’d like to share some lessons that I learned about open governance while organizing an unrelated event earlier this year.\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_86\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_86\",\"name\":\"509c\",\"type\":\"P\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":null,\"metadata\":null,\"text\":\"#EIP0\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"STRONG\",\"start\":0,\"end\":5,\"href\":null,\"anchorType\":null,\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null}],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"ImageMetadata:1*NyViJ3gOegcmSb5boWlcVw.jpeg\":{\"__typename\":\"ImageMetadata\",\"id\":\"1*NyViJ3gOegcmSb5boWlcVw.jpeg\",\"originalHeight\":1187,\"originalWidth\":2048,\"focusPercentX\":null,\"focusPercentY\":null,\"alt\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_87\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_87\",\"name\":\"7120\",\"type\":\"IMG\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":\"INSET_CENTER\",\"metadata\":{\"__ref\":\"ImageMetadata:1*NyViJ3gOegcmSb5boWlcVw.jpeg\"},\"text\":\"Day two of the #EIP0 Summit in Toronto in May. Lots more juicy photos here.\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"A\",\"start\":70,\"end\":74,\"href\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Ftwitter.com\\u002Flrettig\\u002Fstatus\\u002F991699160914186246\",\"anchorType\":\"LINK\",\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null}],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_88\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_88\",\"name\":\"1023\",\"type\":\"P\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":null,\"metadata\":null,\"text\":\"We struggled mightily with the question of openness when we organized the #EIP0 summit, a non-technical governance initiative held in May 2018. On the one hand, we wanted to bring together a group of professional stakeholders to have extremely open and honest dialog about the philosophical, social, economic, and ethical challenges facing Ethereum governance, and about controversial topics such as fund recovery. On the other hand, we wanted to document and share our findings with the public and invite everyone, including the media, to ask questions. The guiding principle was that we wanted to be as open as possible while also ensuring that the participants had a safe space where they could speak openly and candidly about extremely sensitive, controversial topics.\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"A\",\"start\":74,\"end\":86,\"href\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fmedium.com\\u002Feip0-summit\\u002Feip0-summit-statement-of-intent-to-support-ethereum-governance-initiatives-e54ff782933\",\"anchorType\":\"LINK\",\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null},{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"EM\",\"start\":602,\"end\":621,\"href\":null,\"anchorType\":null,\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null},{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"EM\",\"start\":698,\"end\":724,\"href\":null,\"anchorType\":null,\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null}],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_89\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_89\",\"name\":\"115c\",\"type\":\"P\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":null,\"metadata\":null,\"text\":\"We ended up settling on three compromises.\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_90\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_90\",\"name\":\"b67f\",\"type\":\"H4\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":null,\"metadata\":null,\"text\":\"Chatham House Rule\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_91\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_91\",\"name\":\"a44a\",\"type\":\"P\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":null,\"metadata\":null,\"text\":\"Chatham House Rule is a very simple idea which says that everything discussed will be recorded and shared but that the notes will not be attributed to any particular speaker. I believe that it’s a reasonable compromise since it simultaneously achieves both goals: it allows speakers to speak very candidly without fear of retribution or of being misquoted while also maintaining transparency.\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"A\",\"start\":0,\"end\":18,\"href\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.chathamhouse.org\\u002Fchatham-house-rule\",\"anchorType\":\"LINK\",\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null}],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_92\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_92\",\"name\":\"ffd5\",\"type\":\"H4\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":null,\"metadata\":null,\"text\":\"More and less open spaces\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_93\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_93\",\"name\":\"9015\",\"type\":\"P\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":null,\"metadata\":null,\"text\":\"We had three or four different rooms at the #EIP0 venue. We set up recording and live-streaming in the main space only. Breakout sessions happened in other spaces under the Chatham House Rule. At the end of each breakout session we reconvened in the main space and the findings of the breakout session were shared with the larger group, as well as on the livestream. Participants agreed that what they shared in the breakout rooms was strictly under the Chatham House Rule, and that what they shared in the main room was public. Again, I feel strongly that this compromise allowed us to achieve both of our goals.\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"A\",\"start\":348,\"end\":365,\"href\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.reddit.com\\u002Fr\\u002Fethereum\\u002Fcomments\\u002F8g8tbx\\u002Flive_stream_eip0_governance_summit\\u002F\",\"anchorType\":\"LINK\",\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null}],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_94\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_94\",\"name\":\"8df8\",\"type\":\"H4\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":null,\"metadata\":null,\"text\":\"Public-private\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_95\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_95\",\"name\":\"7dac\",\"type\":\"P\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":null,\"metadata\":null,\"text\":\"Finally, while the event was invite-only, we nevertheless wanted to engage directly with the larger community to share our thoughts and findings and to answer questions. We accomplished this in several ways. We hosted a public meetup on the final evening of the event and invited reporters. At the public meetup, we shared our findings, hosted a panel, and took questions. We also did a live-streamed AMA session on Reddit for a portion of the event. Finally, we published all of our notes.\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"A\",\"start\":220,\"end\":233,\"href\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.youtube.com\\u002Fwatch?v=Xft6xlNtqkg\",\"anchorType\":\"LINK\",\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null},{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"A\",\"start\":401,\"end\":412,\"href\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.reddit.com\\u002Fr\\u002Fethereum\\u002Fcomments\\u002F8ggrgo\\u002Fjoin_the_ethereum_governance_ama_at_the_eip0\\u002F\",\"anchorType\":\"LINK\",\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null},{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"A\",\"start\":473,\"end\":489,\"href\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fdocs.google.com\\u002Fdocument\\u002Fd\\u002F1NGp-GAq16DNzLnCrQ943JLjvpHL65YM6m9GF0fIj8bw\\u002Fedit\",\"anchorType\":\"LINK\",\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null}],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_96\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_96\",\"name\":\"ff65\",\"type\":\"H4\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":null,\"metadata\":null,\"text\":\"Whither to?\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_97\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_97\",\"name\":\"c98e\",\"type\":\"P\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":null,\"metadata\":null,\"text\":\"As I said before, I believe that openness in Ethereum is sacrosanct and inviolable. However, I also believe that core developers, like other members of the community, have a right to privacy and that it’s unrealistic and unfair to expect that 100% of their interactions should be subject to public scrutiny. While private conversations among core developers do not all need to be public, to some extent, this right to privacy is forfeit due to the nature of the Ethereum project: for instance, core developers must acknowledge and accept that our work product, e.g., our code, will be visible to and largely owned by the public domain. Folks who aren’t comfortable with this bargain should, as Greg Colvin put it, “find another project to work on.”\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"A\",\"start\":694,\"end\":705,\"href\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fmedium.com\\u002F@gregcolvin\",\"anchorType\":\"LINK\",\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null},{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"A\",\"start\":706,\"end\":712,\"href\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fgithub.com\\u002Fethereum\\u002Fpm\\u002Fblob\\u002Fmaster\\u002FAll%20Core%20Devs%20Meetings\\u002FMeeting%2050.md#discussion-about-openness-and-roadmap-discussions-in-prague\",\"anchorType\":\"LINK\",\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null}],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_98\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_98\",\"name\":\"c5ae\",\"type\":\"P\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":null,\"metadata\":null,\"text\":\"I propose that, as a community, we reach consensus on a set of ground rules that we can all respect.\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_99\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_99\",\"name\":\"e29a\",\"type\":\"P\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":null,\"metadata\":null,\"text\":\"First things first: the EIP process is and must always remain transparent. This means that the fortnightly All Core Devs calls where EIPs are discussed and decisions are made about hard forks must remain transparent: they will be live-streamed and recorded, and notes will be taken whenever possible. With this safeguard in place, we can discuss what leads up to the EIP process.\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"A\",\"start\":230,\"end\":256,\"href\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Ftwitter.com\\u002Fhudsonjameson\\u002Fstatus\\u002F1069646446629130240\",\"anchorType\":\"LINK\",\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null}],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_100\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_100\",\"name\":\"9e9b\",\"type\":\"P\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":null,\"metadata\":null,\"text\":\"I believe that any set of community members should be free at any time to collaborate in private to produce an EIP or another proposal. These conversations need not be broadcast or recorded, since their output will be.\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_101\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_101\",\"name\":\"e55f\",\"type\":\"P\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":null,\"metadata\":null,\"text\":\"This still leaves the question of how to handle initiatives like Ethereum 1.x which fall somewhere in between these two: they do not involve making decisions and their output will be public, but they also involve a critical mass of stakeholders and core developers and involve meta-decisions such as where resources will be allocated and which topics will be researched for possible inclusion into an EIP. We must appreciate that defaults are powerful and that, by the time an EIP has been written with input from and the blessing of the Ethereum Foundation, ConsenSys, and Parity (to name but three stakeholders present in the Prague meetings), the default behavior for many others may be to accept it as a done deal.\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"EM\",\"start\":277,\"end\":291,\"href\":null,\"anchorType\":null,\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null}],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_102\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_102\",\"name\":\"3de5\",\"type\":\"P\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":null,\"metadata\":null,\"text\":\"Exactly where this “gray area” begins and ends is highly subjective but we should know it when we see it. Relevant factors include the number of people in the room, the number of organizations represented, the scope of the topics being discussed, whether and how many resources are being allocated, how far in advance the meeting was planned, etc. In this gray area, I believe the right thing to do is to announce the fact that the meeting is happening, share the list of attendees\\u002Fstakeholders present, and share the notes from the meeting, although those notes may be unattributed. I commit to upholding this principle going forward and I invite you to do the same.\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"A\",\"start\":50,\"end\":67,\"href\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Ftwitter.com\\u002Flrettig\\u002Fstatus\\u002F1069798045469081600\",\"anchorType\":\"LINK\",\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null}],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_103\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_103\",\"name\":\"b44f\",\"type\":\"H3\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":null,\"metadata\":null,\"text\":\"The role of the Magicians\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"ImageMetadata:1*yV_PV13i5gaEYDM_EtB23A.jpeg\":{\"__typename\":\"ImageMetadata\",\"id\":\"1*yV_PV13i5gaEYDM_EtB23A.jpeg\",\"originalHeight\":2743,\"originalWidth\":4032,\"focusPercentX\":null,\"focusPercentY\":null,\"alt\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_104\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_104\",\"name\":\"c8b2\",\"type\":\"IMG\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":\"INSET_CENTER\",\"metadata\":{\"__ref\":\"ImageMetadata:1*yV_PV13i5gaEYDM_EtB23A.jpeg\"},\"text\":\"The Fellowship of Ethereum Magicians Council of Berlin in July\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_105\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_105\",\"name\":\"3a1a\",\"type\":\"P\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":null,\"metadata\":null,\"text\":\"In a few short months, the Fellowship of Ethereum Magicians has grown from a silly-sounding meme and a small group of nerds into a force to be reckoned with. It sent shivers down my spine seeing a room full of hundreds of eager participants at the most recent Council of Prague. Contributors have already formed working groups (dubbed “rings”) to explore tokens, signals, dev tools, education, and many more topics.\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"A\",\"start\":27,\"end\":59,\"href\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fethereum-magicians.org\\u002F\",\"anchorType\":\"LINK\",\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null},{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"A\",\"start\":260,\"end\":277,\"href\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.youtube.com\\u002Fwatch?v=L3CrIhs7_3k\",\"anchorType\":\"LINK\",\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null},{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"A\",\"start\":398,\"end\":414,\"href\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fgithub.com\\u002Fethereum-magicians\\u002Fscrolls\\u002Fwiki#rings\",\"anchorType\":\"LINK\",\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null}],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_106\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_106\",\"name\":\"f2c9\",\"type\":\"P\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":null,\"metadata\":null,\"text\":\"While I think many of us would like to stick our heads in the sand and believe that we are still a group of nerds who also happen to be friends, building a piece of technology together because it’s fun and challenging, it’s probably time to recognize that this thing that we’ve designed and built is out of our hands. We can’t control who builds on Ethereum, nor what they build, which is sort of the whole point in the first place, but it also means that reputations, private companies, other people’s data, and billions of dollars of value are being built on Ethereum today. To the extent that Ethereum ever works (however you want to define that), we need to be extraordinarily mindful of which governance and power structures we install in our community today to ensure that Ethereum matures into a platform that factors in the needs of, and becomes useful to, all sorts of people. The Magicians, along with initiatives such as #EIP0, have large role to play in this process.\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"EM\",\"start\":335,\"end\":338,\"href\":null,\"anchorType\":null,\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null},{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"EM\",\"start\":363,\"end\":367,\"href\":null,\"anchorType\":null,\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null},{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"EM\",\"start\":610,\"end\":615,\"href\":null,\"anchorType\":null,\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null}],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_107\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_107\",\"name\":\"844b\",\"type\":\"P\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":null,\"metadata\":null,\"text\":\"My hope from the beginning has been that the Magicians are able to play an increasingly large, mature role in the technical governance of the Ethereum protocol and relieve some of the burden felt by the core devs. However, we are still figuring out that role and how it fits into existing governance mechanisms, formal and informal. We must also recognize that the Magicians initiative was created in true permissionless, grassroots fashion, without the buy-in or support of the majority of the core developers. Core developers are already inundated with inbound questions, requests, ideas, complaints, and communications more generally. As the Magicians initiative matures, it’s important that it understand these constraints and that it build open, trusted, bidirectional lines of communication with other stakeholders, but today this is very much a work in progress. As genuinely moving as it is to see 300 eager Magicians in a room debating Ethereum technology and wanting to contribute, for some core developers, it’s 300 more voices they’re somehow expected to listen to and be accountable to.\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"A\",\"start\":386,\"end\":397,\"href\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fmedium.com\\u002F@jpitts\\u002Fan-open-invitation-to-participate-in-a-fellowship-of-ethereum-magicians-982e6143db4f\",\"anchorType\":\"LINK\",\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null}],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_108\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_108\",\"name\":\"044d\",\"type\":\"P\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":null,\"metadata\":null,\"text\":\"I helped organize a core R&D x EthMagicians Q&A panel at the Council of Prague as a first step, and I commit to working more closely with all stakeholders to foster better collaboration.\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"A\",\"start\":44,\"end\":53,\"href\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fmedium.com\\u002Fethereum-magicians\\u002Fdemystifying-the-road-to-ethereum-2-0-8130ade8d00f\",\"anchorType\":\"LINK\",\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null}],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_109\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_109\",\"name\":\"0d1e\",\"type\":\"H3\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":null,\"metadata\":null,\"text\":\"Diversity and inclusion\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"ImageMetadata:1*cKvGN-k2a7Ig98jy55LqjA.jpeg\":{\"__typename\":\"ImageMetadata\",\"id\":\"1*cKvGN-k2a7Ig98jy55LqjA.jpeg\",\"originalHeight\":2468,\"originalWidth\":4032,\"focusPercentX\":null,\"focusPercentY\":null,\"alt\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_110\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_110\",\"name\":\"c57d\",\"type\":\"IMG\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":\"INSET_CENTER\",\"metadata\":{\"__ref\":\"ImageMetadata:1*cKvGN-k2a7Ig98jy55LqjA.jpeg\"},\"text\":\"The Diversity & Inclusion breakout session, part of the Society & Systems track at DevCon IV\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_111\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_111\",\"name\":\"df85\",\"type\":\"P\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":null,\"metadata\":null,\"text\":\"Last but absolutely not least, I want to address a topic that is near and dear to my heart, and one which I think is extraordinarily relevant as we consider the future of Ethereum. As I sat in the Ethereum 1.x discussions in Prague — shortly after attending the Society & Systems breakout session on Diversity & Inclusion — I made a point of noticing the other people in the room. Of 20–30 stakeholders present, there was only one woman in the room, and only one person of color. The demographics are similar throughout the broader core dev community.\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_112\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_112\",\"name\":\"6f53\",\"type\":\"P\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":null,\"metadata\":null,\"text\":\"There is so much more to be said about this topic and there’s no way I can do it justice in this space, nor can I, as a cisgender, privileged, white American male, hope to do it justice on my own, but the very least I can do is point to a lack of diversity when I see it and say, “This is wrong.”\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_113\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_113\",\"name\":\"9dde\",\"type\":\"P\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":null,\"metadata\":null,\"text\":\"My vision of Ethereum is that it matures into a platform for humans everywhere to build, transact, and participate in the technology and economy of the future. Despite our best intentions, there is simply no way that a room full of privileged, Western, white men can envision, design, or build such a platform without a much broader set of stakeholders.\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"EM\",\"start\":320,\"end\":324,\"href\":null,\"anchorType\":null,\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null}],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_114\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_114\",\"name\":\"28d6\",\"type\":\"P\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":null,\"metadata\":null,\"text\":\"There is a role here for the Ethereum Magicians, should they choose to accept it (time for a diversity ring?). There is a role for organizations such as Black Girls Code, which has been engaged in Ethereum events in locations such as Atlanta, Oakland, and at DevCon IV in Prague, and initiatives such as ConsenSys Social Impact, which developed this relationship.\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"A\",\"start\":153,\"end\":169,\"href\":\"http:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.blackgirlscode.com\\u002F\",\"anchorType\":\"LINK\",\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null},{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"A\",\"start\":234,\"end\":241,\"href\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Ftwitter.com\\u002Flrettig\\u002Fstatus\\u002F1043928846494560257\",\"anchorType\":\"LINK\",\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null},{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"A\",\"start\":243,\"end\":250,\"href\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Ftwitter.com\\u002FRobTG4\\u002Fstatus\\u002F1047675710955900928\",\"anchorType\":\"LINK\",\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null},{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"A\",\"start\":259,\"end\":278,\"href\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Ftwitter.com\\u002FBlackGirlsCode\\u002Fstatus\\u002F1057682357321433088\",\"anchorType\":\"LINK\",\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null},{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"A\",\"start\":304,\"end\":327,\"href\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fconsensys.net\\u002Fsocial-impact\\u002F\",\"anchorType\":\"LINK\",\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null}],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_115\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_115\",\"name\":\"54c5\",\"type\":\"P\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":null,\"metadata\":null,\"text\":\"Diversity and inclusion initiatives need to be active if they are to be effective. I commit to doing everything in my power to promote diversity and inclusion in Ethereum at every level, but I am not an expert and I need your help to do it.\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[{\"__typename\":\"Markup\",\"type\":\"EM\",\"start\":47,\"end\":53,\"href\":null,\"anchorType\":null,\"userId\":null,\"linkMetadata\":null}],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_116\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_116\",\"name\":\"c3af\",\"type\":\"H3\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":null,\"metadata\":null,\"text\":\"Get involved!\",\"hasDropCap\":null,\"dropCapImage\":null,\"markups\":[],\"codeBlockMetadata\":null,\"iframe\":null,\"mixtapeMetadata\":null},\"Paragraph:6195626af574_117\":{\"__typename\":\"Paragraph\",\"id\":\"6195626af574_117\",\"name\":\"c122\",\"type\":\"P\",\"href\":null,\"layout\":null,\"metadata\":null,\"text\":\"If you’re interested in joining the conversation, now is a great time to help out with Ethereum governance. We are a permissionless, open, transparent community and welcome all voices. Listen to the fortnightly All Core Devs calls, participate in the EIP process, and join the conversation on Gitter. 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open is too open?On transparency, governance, and the challenge of keeping Ethereum aliveThe Fellowship of Ethereum Magicians Council of Prague in October. This was the largest in-person Ethereum governance gathering to date.A political storm is brewing in Ethereum over the question of transparency. How are decisions about the protocol made? Who is responsible for those decisions? What obligation do those decision makers have to be transparent about the processes that go into that decision making, and how much of that process needs to be transparent?This is my attempt to put things in a broader context and to explain what happened, why it matters, and where we should go from here.What happened?At the recent DevCon IV conference in Prague, a group of stakeholders held a series of meetings to discuss the Ethereum roadmap. One of the outcomes of these meetings was a proposal to invest more aggressively in the existing Ethereum mainnet infrastructure in parallel to the Ethereum 2.0 “Serenity” roadmap, an initiative dubbed “Ethereum 1.x” (#Eth1x for short). Several working groups were formed to further develop the proposal. I was present for several of these meetings. Here’s what happened from my perspective.As Martin Köppelmann and Péter Szilágyi have pointed out, these “meetings” began as a series of ad hoc conversations on the sidelines of DevCon — which, I would argue, is one of the main purposes of an industry conference like DevCon: to get stakeholders who wouldn’t otherwise meet face-to-face into the same room to discuss topics they might not ordinarily discuss in their day-to-day work.The Parity, Go Ethereum, and Ewasm teams meet to discuss state growth at DevCon. We were quite literally sitting on the floor, which, in my opinion, is the definition of an ad hoc meeting.On Day One of DevCon I was chatting with some ConsenSys folks about an unrelated topic and they casually mentioned that they were planning to meet with EF research team member Danny Ryan later that day to discuss the Ethereum 2.0 roadmap and its implications for the new Pantheon client and its productization. They invited me to join and I accepted since the topic is relevant for our work on Ewasm. I invited Casey and Alex from the Ewasm team to join the meeting. There were around 14 attendees at this first meeting, at least half of whom are ConsenSys team members (the partial-but-mostly-complete list of attendees at each meeting is in the published notes).The first Ethereum 1.x meeting. Note the open door :)The topic quickly turned from the Serenity roadmap to the health of the current Ethereum network and concerns that Péter raised about the growth of the state size. We had less than an hour to chat before the venue closed and we were forced to leave, but we decided to reconvene at the same time the following day.On Day Two, around 20 people gathered (around half from ConsenSys) to continue the conversation. At this second meeting, Péter proposed a three-prong approach to address the concerns he had previously raised which the group regarded as a reasonable action plan and which has since become known as the “Ethereum 1.x” proposal — outlined in more detail below. Again we ran out of time, and again we decided to reconvene once more to continue the important conversation.Finally, on the morning of the last day of DevCon, the group met one more time. It was largely the same group as the previous day, with a handful of subtractions and a handful of additions, approximately 25 people total. The focus of this meeting was concrete next steps: we established four working groups, three to explore the technical proposals on the table (more below) and one to collect data. We agreed that each working group would produce a proposal by Nov. 26, that we’d reconvene on a call on Nov. 30, that we’d aim to meet again in person around the Stanford Blockchain Conference in late January, and that we’d aim to publish a series of EIPs based on our research around that time. We set June 1, 2019 as a target date for getting some of these changes deployed on mainnet.Feel free to shareThe organizer of the meetings, Daniel Heyman, a program director at PegaSys, circulated a set of notes he took during the meetings, with the header “Please feel free to share.” The original intent was to continue the conversation, then to draw up a set of proposals and share those publicly for comment. Someone shared the notes with Coindesk who subsequently published an article about the series of meetings and the roadmap, and others who had not been at the meeting expressed frustration that the process had not been more inclusive and transparent.We held a very productive follow-up call on Nov. 30 as planned. The meeting was open to all core developers but at the request of some participants it was not recorded or livestreamed, which also annoyed some people. Detailed, unattributed notes were released. The group still plans to meet in person in San Francisco at the end of January.Open doors and closed doorsWho should’ve been in the room? Should we have somehow made an effort to include more people?The Eth1x sync call on November 30, which was open to all core research and development teams. Attendance peaked at around 45 people, setting a new record for an Ethereum core devs call.It’s my nature to be transparent and inclusive. There are many people I would’ve liked to have included in these meetings. Nevertheless I didn’t invite more for three reasons: 1. As far as I was concerned, the meeting was organized by someone else (ConsenSys), and I was an invited guest. It’s poor form to bring other people to an event that you, yourself, were invited to, without very good reason. (I brought Alex and Casey along because I cannot singlehandedly speak for the Ewasm team, but I didn’t broadcast that invitation more widely.) 2. DevCon is all about ad hoc, serendipitous encounters. I was invited to this meeting because I happened to be chatting with some ConsenSys folks earlier in the day about an unrelated topic. Many others who ended up in the room were there for other serendipitous reasons. Sometimes you have to let serendipity do its thing and I didn’t want to take away from anyone else’s DevCon experience by suggesting that they should attend yet another meeting, when the output of that meeting would be public anyway. 3. There quite literally wasn’t enough room for everyone. The spare breakout rooms at DevCon were designed for 10–15 people, and we had already brought in extra chairs to fit 20+.I’ll come back to the topic of transparency in a moment, but first I want to spend a moment talking about “Ethereum 1.x” to put everything in context.What is Ethereum 1.x and why does it matter?A long time ago, the Ethereum roadmap was divided into four overarching phases: Frontier, Homestead, Metropolis, and Serenity. My personal interpretation of the phases are as follows. Frontier was an early proof of concept “alpha” release. Homestead could be thought of as “beta” Ethereum: mostly working and stable but lacking robust security, still rough around the edges, and feature-incomplete. Metropolis is “Ethereum 1.0”: secure and reasonably feature-complete but not yet scalable. Serenity, a.k.a. “Ethereum 2.0,” is the “promised land” for Ethereum: a network that can scale to handle an arbitrarily large number of transactions. There are rumors of a fabled “Ethereum 3.0” in the far future but the roadmap becomes fuzzy at this point. (The astute reader should note that, by this logic, Ethereum has not yet reached a 1.0 release. We’re around 0.9 today. As such, Ethereum should still be considered beta software. Caveat emptor.)The second phase of Metropolis, dubbed Constantinople, has been finalized and tested, and is scheduled to be released in mid-January 2019. Meanwhile, most attention and energy for the past year or two has been focused on the Ethereum 2.0 “Serenity” roadmap. This is understandable since Serenity brings major changes to Ethereum, most notably proof of stake (Casper) and sharding.For a long time, the consensus in the Ethereum community was that we should focus on Serenity, which was previously expected to begin deployment in 2018, and not attempt to make any breaking changes as part of Metropolis.Where did that consensus emerge from? That’s hard to say, and it was before my time. While there are many more stakeholders today who have considerable sway, historically the roadmap was driven by a very small number of people. Figuring out how to adjust to this new, diverse, multi-stakeholder world is part of the central thrust of this article.The situation changed in June when the decision was made to combine the hitherto distinct sharding and Casper workstreams (hence, “Shasper,” a tongue-in-cheek reference to Serenity). One result of this change is that the most aggressive estimates suggest Serenity won’t begin deployment until 2019.This leads to two related but distinct challenges.The technical challengeGrowth in Ethereum state storage items. From Alexey Akhunov’s storage rent proposal.Making Ethereum work today is extraordinarily challenging. Keeping up with Ethereum mainnet is a constantly, rapidly moving target. The state size continues to grow, requiring cleverer and cleverer engineering to maintain it. Commodity hardware struggles and, these days, mostly fails to keep up with the head of the chain.At this point it is unclear where the trajectories of state growth, the number of active Ethereum nodes, the size and cost of commodity storage hardware, and the impact of scaling intersect. There is a fear among some core developers that state growth is getting out of hand and needs to be bounded in the not-too-distant future or the existing Ethereum chain may not live to see the light of Serenity’s day.I can speak to the cost personally as I’ve been running a couple of full nodes for the past few months, and I just shut one down because I can no longer afford it. Here’s the breakdown of the AWS charges for running two nodes, one full and one an archival node, for one recent month. If the requirements and cost of running a node continue to exceed the rate at which commodity hardware improves and cheapens, Ethereum will collapse down to a small, relatively centralized core of nodes run by economically incentivized participants such as Infura and Etherscan. The total node count has declined from 30,000 at the start of 2018 to around 9,500 today and it continues to drop. There are multiple reasons for this decline, but the cost and difficulty of running a full node today is doubtless one, if not the main reason.The bulk of the cost comes from storing terabytes worth of data on SSD. There is some degree of redundancy here and the costs could probably be reduced by about half with careful pruning but it’s still not cheap.As the transaction volume and overall state size continue their steep ascent, pressure continues to mount on client software to keep up. At present there are only two production clients that are able to sync and reliably keep up with the mainnet, making up around 90% of all Ethereum nodes, and between them there are maybe ten core developers who are responsible for the bulk of the research and code required to make this possible. These developers understandably feel an enormous burden and an increasing degree of frustration.[EDIT 2019–01–12: I’ll leave the original text intact, above, but I want to add a clarification on these numbers since I understand that they may have caused some confusion. The cost highlighted here is for running multiple nodes, including an archival node (for research purposes), which most people do not and never will need to do. The size of a pruned Ethereum full node, which still contains all chain data, is much smaller. I posted more specific numbers here: it looks like you can run a full node on AWS today for around $50–70 per month, and perhaps less on other cloud providers. As has been pointed out in the responses to this article, you can also run nodes very cheaply at home. However, my primary point remains: the Ethereum node count has fallen precipitously in recent months.]The social challengeThe second challenge is more social than technical. As more and more attention and resources have been directed towards Ethereum 2.0, and as the road to Serenity has lengthened, many current Ethereum 1.0 teams have been left wondering what this means for them and their projects.One of the biggest challenges in a permissionless ecosystem, where developers are free to work on whatever they find most interesting with little to no top-down oversight, is maintenance. If more core developers are interested in “building the future” by contributing to Serenity or layer two applications, who is responsible for maintaining the existing Ethereum mainnet, and how are those maintainers incentivized, socially as well as economically?A small number of people tend to get a disproportionately large share of the attention in our community. How do we recognize and motivate the silent builders working tirelessly to keep Ethereum running? Who is the John Harrison to Ethereum’s Captain Cook? (Photo from ETHBuenosAires)Ethereum core developers today are under enormous pressure and many feel overworked and under-appreciated. They fulfill an essential role in the community but get very little credit since the best engineering tends to be invisible. To cite an oft-used example, we remember the names of the explorers who sailed around the world and discovered new lands, such as Henry Hudson and James Cook, but by and large not the names of the engineers who made those journeys possible, such as John Harrison, the Yorkshire carpenter who spent decades perfecting a chronograph reliable enough to tell time at sea.The “1.x or 2.0” question is also a serious challenge for teams such as Nimbus and Pantheon that are implementing new Ethereum clients from scratch. Should they work towards the existing Constantinople spec, or should they attempt to build Ethereum 2.0 today, a moving target? Should they build an EVM execution engine, or should they go straight to Ewasm?The Ethereum 1.x proposalAll of this leads us to the Ethereum 1.x proposal, which represents a renewed effort to invest in the existing Ethereum 1.0 network and ensure that it can survive and thrive indefinitely, or as long as necessary until Ethereum 2.0 is ready to take its place. It addresses the technical challenge of unbounded state growth through pruning and the introduction of storage rent, and the decision to continue investing in Ethereum 1.x goes a long way towards addressing the social concerns as well.Casey Detrio already shared a great writeup of the technical details of the proposal, so I won’t repeat them here. The four working groups have all published their proposals, which are open for discussion on the Fellowship of Ethereum Magicians forum.It’s important to note that Ethereum 1.x is not a monolithic plan so much as a bundle of disparate-but-somewhat-related proposals to improve Ethereum today while waiting for Serenity. The most aggressive estimates suggest that Ethereum 1.x could theoretically achieve a dramatic increase in throughput through a combination of a reduced uncle rate, state pruning, parallelization, Ewasm, and several other ideas, although in practice it’s likely that such an increase would be limited to 1.5–5x to limit sync time, state growth, and the effects of centralization, to have a safety valve for the next Cryptokitties, and due to fundamental I/O limits.Why didn’t we attempt to scale Ethereum 1.x previously? Many of these ideas are not new and have been around as long as Serenity, if not longer. My personal belief is that it’s a combination of three factors: 1. Until very recently, Ethereum was a “science experiment” and no one was really using it anyway, so scaling simply wasn’t a question. 2. Until very recently, it was easy to believe that Serenity would be a panacea that would solve all scaling problems, now and forever, and that it would be here soon enough that it didn’t make sense to invest in other scaling technologies. 3. State growth has recently become a serious issue, and any attempt to scale Ethereum today without a solution would only exacerbate the problem.Two sides to the storyLuis Cuende and John Light of Aragon share their findings from one of the #EIP0 breakout sessions in Toronto in May. Aragon has been a leader in promoting radical transparency.Back to the question of transparency, which was very much on our minds as we met in Prague. While everyone agreed that the output of the initiative would be a series of public EIPs, opinions differed on how much transparency was needed at each stage. Some felt that the entire process should be transparent from the start. Others felt that we should iterate a bit more to produce reasonable proposals and, in particular, that we should test our assumptions against real data and release proposed solutions alongside the problem statement, lest it be perceived as apocalyptic.Some expressed a desire for a more private forum where core devs and researchers could communicate openly beyond the public spotlight, but Vitalik and others argued convincingly against any form of “institutionalized privacy” such as private calls or a private forum.There are two sides to this story and I want to explain both.Why transparency is goodThis is sort of a no-brainer. Other things being equal, more transparency is always desirable because it minimizes corruption and maximizes the number of stakeholders whose interests are represented. Lack of transparency inevitably leads to backroom deals, corruption, distrust, and, in the extreme case, capture. Ethereum, by contrast, is a fundamentally open platform: all stakeholders in the platform, be they core developers, researchers, app developers, miners, exchanges, traders, hodlers, or users, have the right to observe and participate in governance. The EIP process is designed to facilitate this.Policy aside, there’s something even deeper at play here: Ethereum simply cannot exist without the support of a broad contingent of stakeholders. Due to the open nature of the code and data, any sufficiently large subset of stakeholders has the power to fork Ethereum at any time. The fork is our superpower. It’s what sets us apart from default world governance and it’s a powerful coordination mechanism that acts as our safety valve of last resort: if all else fails, if the current governance mechanisms were ever to fail or become corrupt, any subset of the community would always have the option of forking and installing different governance mechanisms.In fact, it’s even easier than coordinating a fork: it only requires inaction, e.g., the decision not to upgrade the software and participate in a sanctioned hard fork. Witness the birth of Ethereum Classic.This mechanism is called exit or voice. If a sufficiently large set of stakeholders were to become disenfranchised or were to feel that their interests were not being represented — in other words, if they felt that they didn’t have a voice — they could choose to exit. This mechanism keeps the core developers honest. Transparency is key for enfranchisement.Where transparency is challengingAs described under Social Challenge, above, Ethereum core developers today are under enormous pressure and many feel overworked and under-appreciated.Many core developers feel antagonized by the media: they are often misquoted and their words taken out of context to push some particular agenda. They feel that they are overly scrutinized. What’s more, they feel that the ones doing the criticizing do not appreciate how much pressure they are under and in many cases are people who haven’t themselves added any value to the project. Like engineers everywhere, they want to be left alone to do good work in the way that they see fit.There is growing frustration with how difficult it is to “get anything done” in Ethereum since even seemingly small changes can take months of back-and-forth political wrangling. This is, of course, by design and it’s one of Ethereum’s great strengths — that no individual or organization can unilaterally push through a protocol change without broad support. But software developers are not naturally inclined to enjoy politics.Coordinating political dialogue among dozens of core developers and attempting to factor in the sentiment of thousands of others in the community, all the while feeling under attack by the media and the public, leads to a lot of stress and enormous cognitive burden. The Ethereum 1.x initiative and the meetings in Prague happened in response to this frustration. A subgroup of core developers came together out of love for Ethereum and a desire to improve the protocol. They wanted to put their heads together and write up a series of proposals that would be released to the public and flow into the existing, open EIP process.We can turn to more mature industries for inspiration. The best designers include both a public, open component and a private, closed component in the design process. Design thinking is a well-understood process which involves successive stages that alternate between external, customer focus (empathize, define, test) and internal, private focus (ideate, prototype). I think a similar process of iterating between public (seeking to understand problems, testing proposed solutions, collecting feedback) and private (drawing up proposals, prototyping) is an effective way to develop strong technical proposals as well. It also offers developers some respite from the burden of operating under the public gaze.The most important point to make is that no decisions were being made in these meetings, just discussion and coordination leading towards open proposals.The bigger pictureI want to zoom out from Ethereum for a moment to explore the broader context to the questions we’re discussing here: transparency, radical participation, and technocracy. To be clear, none of these are new ideas and in many ways we are rehashing struggles that humans have been facing for millennia. We must recognize this and we should seek to learn from past examples and prior scholarship on these topics.Ethereum governance today is mostly informal and it happens off-chain in the realm of humans and egos. The EIP process is the one regular, formal governance mechanism, and even it is rough around the edges: no one has ever formally defined “core dev” (here’s Hudson’s most recent takes on this: one two), nor been able to articulate precisely who is invited to the All Core Devs calls nor the precise magic needed to get an EIP brought up in the call. To be clear, I consider this a good thing and one of Ethereum’s greatest strengths since a more formalized governance mechanism risks capture, corruption, or losing the discretion of node operators who must proactively opt into forks.However, there is a downside to highly informal governance mechanisms: they tend towards backroom deals and a lack of transparency. This is a classic challenge of governance known as the Tyranny of Structurelessness. Tl;dr version: there is no such thing as a lack of structure. In its absence, humans organize themselves in an ad hoc, social fashion and the result, lacking transparency or formal participation mechanisms, may be worse than a more structured approach to begin with.The EIP process is our stopgap transparency mechanism but there are many, many conversations and much research leading up to EIPs that belongs in the public domain as well — and that would benefit from the input of a larger, more diverse body of stakeholders. For this reason, and given our informal system of governance, it is incumbent upon stakeholders such as core developers to act as transparently as possible at all times, and to choose transparency as a default, restricting it only when the circumstances call for it, and then only narrowly (such as via use of Chatham House, more on which in a moment).TechnocracyI also want to briefly address the question of technocracy, since it came up as part of the Ethereum 1.x conversation. The argument goes something like this: The challenges (such as lack of rent) that Ethereum is facing today are highly technical and only a very small number of people in the world understand them well enough to make an informed decision about them. Therefore, it doesn’t matter what the uninformed public thinks. We technologists need to make an informed decision that’s in everybody’s best interest.This question — technocracy vs. democracy — is as old as human civilization. Technocracy is appealing to those in charge but it’s extraordinarily dangerous. The rise in populism globally in recent years and the ongoing protests in France over the past few weeks are in many ways an expression of public anger at the perception of a distant elite making paternalistic, technocratic decisions on their behalf — including removing fuel subsidies, which hits frighteningly close to home for us.Taken to the extreme, technocracy becomes extreme paternalism, authoritarianism, even apartheid (in the non-racial sense), as it involves dividing the community into two groups, those who (by some arbitrary criteria) “get it” and those who “don’t,” and allowing those who “get it” to make decisions on behalf of those who “don’t.”It shouldn’t take too much reflection to realize that technocracy is in fact antithetical to the values of Ethereum and to the world we are trying to build — a world that enfranchises all humans everywhere, a permissionless world free of gatekeepers, a world where you can self-identify as a core developer (or any other class of stakeholder) if you so desire.Humans are silly and fallible and sometimes we make decisions that are against our self-interest or the self-interest of our community, but we need to respect these decisions, too, and let people be free to make these mistakes. I believe that the voice of the community in Ethereum is sacrosanct and inviolable. Instead of lamenting poor decisions, and instead of building a technocracy, we should seek to educate and enfranchise a larger and larger portion of the community — including the press, which should help alleviate some of the concerns about misrepresentation.And, if you disagree, you are also free to fork away to your own private technocratic paradise chain (Techthereum?). Exit or voice!I’ll leave you with this powerful quote from Brave New World, and ask you to contemplate what it means for Ethereum:‘But I don’t want comfort. I want God, I want poetry, I want real danger, I want freedom, I want goodness, I want sin.’‘In fact,’ said Mustapha Mond, ‘you’re claiming the right to be unhappy.’‘All right then,’ said the Savage defiantly, ‘I’m claiming the right to be unhappy.’‘Not to mention the right to grow old and ugly and impotent; the right to have syphilis and cancer; the right to have too little to eat; the right to be lousy; the right to live in constant apprehension of what may happen tomorrow; the right to catch typhoid; the right to be tortured by unspeakable pains of every kind.’ There was a long silence.‘I claim them all,’ said the Savage at last.Keeping governance openTo wrap up the question of transparency, I’d like to share some lessons that I learned about open governance while organizing an unrelated event earlier this year.#EIP0Day two of the #EIP0 Summit in Toronto in May. Lots more juicy photos here.We struggled mightily with the question of openness when we organized the #EIP0 summit, a non-technical governance initiative held in May 2018. On the one hand, we wanted to bring together a group of professional stakeholders to have extremely open and honest dialog about the philosophical, social, economic, and ethical challenges facing Ethereum governance, and about controversial topics such as fund recovery. On the other hand, we wanted to document and share our findings with the public and invite everyone, including the media, to ask questions. The guiding principle was that we wanted to be as open as possible while also ensuring that the participants had a safe space where they could speak openly and candidly about extremely sensitive, controversial topics.We ended up settling on three compromises.Chatham House RuleChatham House Rule is a very simple idea which says that everything discussed will be recorded and shared but that the notes will not be attributed to any particular speaker. I believe that it’s a reasonable compromise since it simultaneously achieves both goals: it allows speakers to speak very candidly without fear of retribution or of being misquoted while also maintaining transparency.More and less open spacesWe had three or four different rooms at the #EIP0 venue. We set up recording and live-streaming in the main space only. Breakout sessions happened in other spaces under the Chatham House Rule. At the end of each breakout session we reconvened in the main space and the findings of the breakout session were shared with the larger group, as well as on the livestream. Participants agreed that what they shared in the breakout rooms was strictly under the Chatham House Rule, and that what they shared in the main room was public. Again, I feel strongly that this compromise allowed us to achieve both of our goals.Public-privateFinally, while the event was invite-only, we nevertheless wanted to engage directly with the larger community to share our thoughts and findings and to answer questions. We accomplished this in several ways. We hosted a public meetup on the final evening of the event and invited reporters. At the public meetup, we shared our findings, hosted a panel, and took questions. We also did a live-streamed AMA session on Reddit for a portion of the event. Finally, we published all of our notes.Whither to?As I said before, I believe that openness in Ethereum is sacrosanct and inviolable. However, I also believe that core developers, like other members of the community, have a right to privacy and that it’s unrealistic and unfair to expect that 100% of their interactions should be subject to public scrutiny. While private conversations among core developers do not all need to be public, to some extent, this right to privacy is forfeit due to the nature of the Ethereum project: for instance, core developers must acknowledge and accept that our work product, e.g., our code, will be visible to and largely owned by the public domain. Folks who aren’t comfortable with this bargain should, as Greg Colvin put it, “find another project to work on.”I propose that, as a community, we reach consensus on a set of ground rules that we can all respect.First things first: the EIP process is and must always remain transparent. This means that the fortnightly All Core Devs calls where EIPs are discussed and decisions are made about hard forks must remain transparent: they will be live-streamed and recorded, and notes will be taken whenever possible. With this safeguard in place, we can discuss what leads up to the EIP process.I believe that any set of community members should be free at any time to collaborate in private to produce an EIP or another proposal. These conversations need not be broadcast or recorded, since their output will be.This still leaves the question of how to handle initiatives like Ethereum 1.x which fall somewhere in between these two: they do not involve making decisions and their output will be public, but they also involve a critical mass of stakeholders and core developers and involve meta-decisions such as where resources will be allocated and which topics will be researched for possible inclusion into an EIP. We must appreciate that defaults are powerful and that, by the time an EIP has been written with input from and the blessing of the Ethereum Foundation, ConsenSys, and Parity (to name but three stakeholders present in the Prague meetings), the default behavior for many others may be to accept it as a done deal.Exactly where this “gray area” begins and ends is highly subjective but we should know it when we see it. Relevant factors include the number of people in the room, the number of organizations represented, the scope of the topics being discussed, whether and how many resources are being allocated, how far in advance the meeting was planned, etc. In this gray area, I believe the right thing to do is to announce the fact that the meeting is happening, share the list of attendees/stakeholders present, and share the notes from the meeting, although those notes may be unattributed. I commit to upholding this principle going forward and I invite you to do the same.The role of the MagiciansThe Fellowship of Ethereum Magicians Council of Berlin in JulyIn a few short months, the Fellowship of Ethereum Magicians has grown from a silly-sounding meme and a small group of nerds into a force to be reckoned with. It sent shivers down my spine seeing a room full of hundreds of eager participants at the most recent Council of Prague. Contributors have already formed working groups (dubbed “rings”) to explore tokens, signals, dev tools, education, and many more topics.While I think many of us would like to stick our heads in the sand and believe that we are still a group of nerds who also happen to be friends, building a piece of technology together because it’s fun and challenging, it’s probably time to recognize that this thing that we’ve designed and built is out of our hands. We can’t control who builds on Ethereum, nor what they build, which is sort of the whole point in the first place, but it also means that reputations, private companies, other people’s data, and billions of dollars of value are being built on Ethereum today. To the extent that Ethereum ever works (however you want to define that), we need to be extraordinarily mindful of which governance and power structures we install in our community today to ensure that Ethereum matures into a platform that factors in the needs of, and becomes useful to, all sorts of people. The Magicians, along with initiatives such as #EIP0, have large role to play in this process.My hope from the beginning has been that the Magicians are able to play an increasingly large, mature role in the technical governance of the Ethereum protocol and relieve some of the burden felt by the core devs. However, we are still figuring out that role and how it fits into existing governance mechanisms, formal and informal. We must also recognize that the Magicians initiative was created in true permissionless, grassroots fashion, without the buy-in or support of the majority of the core developers. Core developers are already inundated with inbound questions, requests, ideas, complaints, and communications more generally. As the Magicians initiative matures, it’s important that it understand these constraints and that it build open, trusted, bidirectional lines of communication with other stakeholders, but today this is very much a work in progress. As genuinely moving as it is to see 300 eager Magicians in a room debating Ethereum technology and wanting to contribute, for some core developers, it’s 300 more voices they’re somehow expected to listen to and be accountable to.I helped organize a core R&D x EthMagicians Q&A panel at the Council of Prague as a first step, and I commit to working more closely with all stakeholders to foster better collaboration.Diversity and inclusionThe Diversity & Inclusion breakout session, part of the Society & Systems track at DevCon IVLast but absolutely not least, I want to address a topic that is near and dear to my heart, and one which I think is extraordinarily relevant as we consider the future of Ethereum. As I sat in the Ethereum 1.x discussions in Prague — shortly after attending the Society & Systems breakout session on Diversity & Inclusion — I made a point of noticing the other people in the room. Of 20–30 stakeholders present, there was only one woman in the room, and only one person of color. The demographics are similar throughout the broader core dev community.There is so much more to be said about this topic and there’s no way I can do it justice in this space, nor can I, as a cisgender, privileged, white American male, hope to do it justice on my own, but the very least I can do is point to a lack of diversity when I see it and say, “This is wrong.”My vision of Ethereum is that it matures into a platform for humans everywhere to build, transact, and participate in the technology and economy of the future. Despite our best intentions, there is simply no way that a room full of privileged, Western, white men can envision, design, or build such a platform without a much broader set of stakeholders.There is a role here for the Ethereum Magicians, should they choose to accept it (time for a diversity ring?). There is a role for organizations such as Black Girls Code, which has been engaged in Ethereum events in locations such as Atlanta, Oakland, and at DevCon IV in Prague, and initiatives such as ConsenSys Social Impact, which developed this relationship.Diversity and inclusion initiatives need to be active if they are to be effective. I commit to doing everything in my power to promote diversity and inclusion in Ethereum at every level, but I am not an expert and I need your help to do it.Get involved!If you’re interested in joining the conversation, now is a great time to help out with Ethereum governance. We are a permissionless, open, transparent community and welcome all voices. Listen to the fortnightly All Core Devs calls, participate in the EIP process, and join the conversation on Gitter. The Fellowship of Ethereum Magicians forum is an excellent place to get started!Remember: there is no governing body in Ethereum. There is no “them.” Only us. We are all in this together. ✌️Special thanks to Alexey Akhunov, Olivier Begassat, Joseph Chow, Greg Colvin, Daniel Heyman, Shahan Khatchadourian, Boris Mann, and Jamie Pitts for extremely helpful feedback, and to Alexey Akhunov and Fred Harrysson for helping me understand the various ways we might scale Ethereum 1.x.","html":"\u003cdiv>\u003cdiv class=\"es gk gl gm gn go\">\u003c/div>\u003cdiv class=\"gp gq gr gs gt\">\u003cdiv class=\"\">\u003ch1 id=\"03bf\" class=\"pw-post-title gu gv gw bd gx gy gz ha hb hc hd he hf hg hh hi hj hk hl hm hn ho hp hq hr hs bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">How open is too open?\u003c/h1>\u003c/div>\u003cdiv class=\"\">\u003ch2 id=\"690b\" class=\"pw-subtitle-paragraph ht gv gw bd b hu hv hw hx hy hz ia ib ic id ie if ig ih ii ij ik ft\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">On transparency, governance, and the challenge of keeping Ethereum alive\u003c/h2>\u003c/div>\u003cfigure class=\"im in io ip ek iq dy dz paragraph-image\">\u003cdiv role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"ir is di it bf iu\">\u003cdiv class=\"dy dz il\">\u003cpicture>\u003csource srcset=\"https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*RNRpqxKufsuuNLEBFRucnQ.jpeg 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/format:webp/1*RNRpqxKufsuuNLEBFRucnQ.jpeg 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/format:webp/1*RNRpqxKufsuuNLEBFRucnQ.jpeg 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/format:webp/1*RNRpqxKufsuuNLEBFRucnQ.jpeg 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/format:webp/1*RNRpqxKufsuuNLEBFRucnQ.jpeg 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*RNRpqxKufsuuNLEBFRucnQ.jpeg 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/format:webp/1*RNRpqxKufsuuNLEBFRucnQ.jpeg 1400w\" sizes=\"(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" type=\"image/webp\">\u003csource data-testid=\"og\" srcset=\"https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/1*RNRpqxKufsuuNLEBFRucnQ.jpeg 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/1*RNRpqxKufsuuNLEBFRucnQ.jpeg 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/1*RNRpqxKufsuuNLEBFRucnQ.jpeg 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/1*RNRpqxKufsuuNLEBFRucnQ.jpeg 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/1*RNRpqxKufsuuNLEBFRucnQ.jpeg 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/1*RNRpqxKufsuuNLEBFRucnQ.jpeg 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/1*RNRpqxKufsuuNLEBFRucnQ.jpeg 1400w\" sizes=\"(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003cimg alt=\"\" class=\"bf iv iw c\" width=\"700\" height=\"464\" loading=\"eager\" role=\"presentation\" src=\"https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:700/1*RNRpqxKufsuuNLEBFRucnQ.jpeg\">\u003c/picture>\u003c/div>\u003c/div>\u003cfigcaption class=\"ix iy ea dy dz iz ja bd b be z ft\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">The Fellowship of Ethereum Magicians Council of Prague in October. This was the largest in-person Ethereum governance gathering to date.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\u003cp id=\"f416\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">A political storm is brewing in Ethereum over the question of transparency. How are decisions about the protocol made? Who is responsible for those decisions? What obligation do those decision makers have to be transparent about the processes that go into that decision making, and how much of that process needs to be transparent?\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"e179\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">This is my attempt to put things in a broader context and to explain what happened, why it matters, and where we should go from here.\u003c/p>\u003ch1 id=\"37b1\" class=\"jx jy gw bd jz ka kb kc kd ke kf kg kh ic ki id kj if kk ig kl ii km ij kn ko bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">What happened?\u003c/h1>\u003cp id=\"ed6a\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je kp hx jg jh kq ia jj jk kr jm jn jo ks jq jr js kt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">At the recent DevCon IV conference in Prague, a group of stakeholders held a series of meetings to discuss the Ethereum roadmap. One of the outcomes of these meetings was a proposal to invest more aggressively in the existing Ethereum mainnet infrastructure in parallel to the Ethereum 2.0 “Serenity” roadmap, an initiative dubbed “Ethereum 1.x” (#Eth1x for short). Several working groups were formed to further develop the proposal. I was present for several of these meetings. Here’s what happened from my perspective.\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"ba05\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">As \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://twitter.com/koeppelmann/status/1066009668122755073\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">Martin Köppelmann\u003c/a> and \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://gitter.im/ethereum/AllCoreDevs?at=5bf807e9fa7bbb3fe0f088d9\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">Péter Szilágyi\u003c/a> have pointed out, these “meetings” began as a series of ad hoc conversations on the sidelines of DevCon — which, I would argue, is one of the main purposes of an industry conference like DevCon: to get stakeholders who wouldn’t otherwise meet face-to-face into the same room to discuss topics they might not ordinarily discuss in their day-to-day work.\u003c/p>\u003cfigure class=\"im in io ip ek iq dy dz paragraph-image\">\u003cdiv role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"ir is di it bf iu\">\u003cdiv class=\"dy dz il\">\u003cpicture>\u003csource srcset=\"https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*FCUL8DQXHU2QAKfsl3WA0Q.jpeg 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/format:webp/1*FCUL8DQXHU2QAKfsl3WA0Q.jpeg 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/format:webp/1*FCUL8DQXHU2QAKfsl3WA0Q.jpeg 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/format:webp/1*FCUL8DQXHU2QAKfsl3WA0Q.jpeg 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/format:webp/1*FCUL8DQXHU2QAKfsl3WA0Q.jpeg 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*FCUL8DQXHU2QAKfsl3WA0Q.jpeg 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/format:webp/1*FCUL8DQXHU2QAKfsl3WA0Q.jpeg 1400w\" sizes=\"(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" type=\"image/webp\">\u003csource data-testid=\"og\" srcset=\"https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/1*FCUL8DQXHU2QAKfsl3WA0Q.jpeg 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/1*FCUL8DQXHU2QAKfsl3WA0Q.jpeg 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/1*FCUL8DQXHU2QAKfsl3WA0Q.jpeg 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/1*FCUL8DQXHU2QAKfsl3WA0Q.jpeg 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/1*FCUL8DQXHU2QAKfsl3WA0Q.jpeg 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/1*FCUL8DQXHU2QAKfsl3WA0Q.jpeg 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/1*FCUL8DQXHU2QAKfsl3WA0Q.jpeg 1400w\" sizes=\"(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003cimg alt=\"\" class=\"bf iv iw c\" width=\"700\" height=\"403\" loading=\"lazy\" role=\"presentation\" src=\"https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:700/1*FCUL8DQXHU2QAKfsl3WA0Q.jpeg\">\u003c/picture>\u003c/div>\u003c/div>\u003cfigcaption class=\"ix iy ea dy dz iz ja bd b be z ft\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">The Parity, Go Ethereum, and Ewasm teams meet to discuss state growth at DevCon. We were quite literally sitting on the floor, which, in my opinion, is the definition of an ad hoc meeting.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\u003cp id=\"01b7\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">On Day One of DevCon I was chatting with some ConsenSys folks about an unrelated topic and they casually mentioned that they were planning to meet with EF research team member \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"/@djrtwo\">Danny Ryan\u003c/a> later that day to discuss the Ethereum 2.0 roadmap and its implications for the new Pantheon client and its productization. They invited me to join and I accepted since the topic is relevant for our work on \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://github.com/ewasm/design\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">Ewasm\u003c/a>. I invited Casey and Alex from the Ewasm team to join the meeting. There were around 14 attendees at this first meeting, at least half of whom are ConsenSys team members (the partial-but-mostly-complete list of attendees at each meeting is in the \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://docs.google.com/document/d/1IB3oKuH5mryyhmVHE9r3aR6bK2pJCoJgAtiCYTEieh4/edit#\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">published notes\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\u003cfigure class=\"im in io ip ek iq dy dz paragraph-image\">\u003cdiv role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"ir is di it bf iu\">\u003cdiv class=\"dy dz kv\">\u003cpicture>\u003csource srcset=\"https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*H4-YO5Ku9ZqHO2oFrx6Hdg.jpeg 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/format:webp/1*H4-YO5Ku9ZqHO2oFrx6Hdg.jpeg 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/format:webp/1*H4-YO5Ku9ZqHO2oFrx6Hdg.jpeg 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/format:webp/1*H4-YO5Ku9ZqHO2oFrx6Hdg.jpeg 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/format:webp/1*H4-YO5Ku9ZqHO2oFrx6Hdg.jpeg 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*H4-YO5Ku9ZqHO2oFrx6Hdg.jpeg 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/format:webp/1*H4-YO5Ku9ZqHO2oFrx6Hdg.jpeg 1400w\" sizes=\"(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" type=\"image/webp\">\u003csource data-testid=\"og\" srcset=\"https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/1*H4-YO5Ku9ZqHO2oFrx6Hdg.jpeg 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/1*H4-YO5Ku9ZqHO2oFrx6Hdg.jpeg 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/1*H4-YO5Ku9ZqHO2oFrx6Hdg.jpeg 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/1*H4-YO5Ku9ZqHO2oFrx6Hdg.jpeg 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/1*H4-YO5Ku9ZqHO2oFrx6Hdg.jpeg 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/1*H4-YO5Ku9ZqHO2oFrx6Hdg.jpeg 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/1*H4-YO5Ku9ZqHO2oFrx6Hdg.jpeg 1400w\" sizes=\"(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003cimg alt=\"\" class=\"bf iv iw c\" width=\"700\" height=\"388\" loading=\"lazy\" role=\"presentation\" src=\"https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:700/1*H4-YO5Ku9ZqHO2oFrx6Hdg.jpeg\">\u003c/picture>\u003c/div>\u003c/div>\u003cfigcaption class=\"ix iy ea dy dz iz ja bd b be z ft\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">The first Ethereum 1.x meeting. Note the open door :)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\u003cp id=\"18a1\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">The topic quickly turned from the Serenity roadmap to the health of the current Ethereum network and concerns that Péter raised about the growth of the state size. We had less than an hour to chat before the venue closed and we were forced to leave, but we decided to reconvene at the same time the following day.\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"a8ad\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">On Day Two, around 20 people gathered (around half from ConsenSys) to continue the conversation. At this second meeting, Péter proposed a three-prong approach to address the concerns he had previously raised which the group regarded as a reasonable action plan and which has since become known as the “Ethereum 1.x” proposal — outlined in more detail below. Again we ran out of time, and again we decided to reconvene once more to continue the important conversation.\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"f8ce\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">Finally, on the morning of the last day of DevCon, the group met one more time. It was largely the same group as the previous day, with a handful of subtractions and a handful of additions, approximately 25 people total. The focus of this meeting was concrete next steps: we established four working groups, three to explore the technical proposals on the table (more below) and one to collect data. We agreed that each working group would produce a proposal by Nov. 26, that we’d reconvene on a call on Nov. 30, that we’d aim to meet again in person around the \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://cyber.stanford.edu/sbc19\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">Stanford Blockchain Conference\u003c/a> in late January, and that we’d aim to publish a series of EIPs based on our research around that time. We set June 1, 2019 as a target date for getting some of these changes deployed on mainnet.\u003c/p>\u003ch2 id=\"79f9\" class=\"kw jy gw bd jz kx ky kz kd la lb lc kh jk ld le kj jo lf lg kl js lh li kn lj bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">Feel free to share\u003c/h2>\u003cp id=\"2209\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je kp hx jg jh kq ia jj jk kr jm jn jo ks jq jr js kt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">The organizer of the meetings, \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"/@HeymanDaniel\">Daniel Heyman\u003c/a>, a program director at \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://pegasys.tech/\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">PegaSys\u003c/a>, circulated a \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://docs.google.com/document/d/1IB3oKuH5mryyhmVHE9r3aR6bK2pJCoJgAtiCYTEieh4/edit#\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">set of notes\u003c/a> he took during the meetings, with the header “\u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://twitter.com/benjaminion_xyz/status/1065978541454569474\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">Please feel free to share\u003c/a>.” The original intent was to continue the conversation, then to draw up a set of proposals and share those publicly for comment. Someone shared the notes with Coindesk who subsequently published \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://www.coindesk.com/ethereum-developers-are-quietly-planning-an-accelerated-tech-roadmap\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">an article\u003c/a> about the series of meetings and the roadmap, and others who had not been at the meeting expressed frustration that the process had not been more inclusive and transparent.\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"88e7\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">We held a very productive follow-up call on Nov. 30 as planned. The meeting was open to all core developers but at the request of some participants it was \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://decryptmedia.com/2018/11/30/the-sort-of-secret-blockchain/\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">not recorded or livestreamed\u003c/a>, which also \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://twitter.com/5chdn/status/1068847768976932869\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">annoyed some people\u003c/a>. Detailed, unattributed \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://github.com/ethereum/pm/blob/master/All%20Core%20Devs%20Meetings/Eth1x%20Sync%201.md\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">notes were released\u003c/a>. The group still plans to meet in person in San Francisco at the end of January.\u003c/p>\u003ch2 id=\"83a5\" class=\"kw jy gw bd jz kx ky kz kd la lb lc kh jk ld le kj jo lf lg kl js lh li kn lj bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">Open doors and closed doors\u003c/h2>\u003cp id=\"243a\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je kp hx jg jh kq ia jj jk kr jm jn jo ks jq jr js kt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">Who should’ve been in the room? Should we have somehow made an effort to include more people?\u003c/p>\u003cfigure class=\"im in io ip ek iq dy dz paragraph-image\">\u003cdiv role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"ir is di it bf iu\">\u003cdiv class=\"dy dz lk\">\u003cpicture>\u003csource srcset=\"https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*muA-jMq07NCaW0OGh3CgIQ.png 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/format:webp/1*muA-jMq07NCaW0OGh3CgIQ.png 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/format:webp/1*muA-jMq07NCaW0OGh3CgIQ.png 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/format:webp/1*muA-jMq07NCaW0OGh3CgIQ.png 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/format:webp/1*muA-jMq07NCaW0OGh3CgIQ.png 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*muA-jMq07NCaW0OGh3CgIQ.png 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/format:webp/1*muA-jMq07NCaW0OGh3CgIQ.png 1400w\" sizes=\"(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" type=\"image/webp\">\u003csource data-testid=\"og\" srcset=\"https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/1*muA-jMq07NCaW0OGh3CgIQ.png 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/1*muA-jMq07NCaW0OGh3CgIQ.png 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/1*muA-jMq07NCaW0OGh3CgIQ.png 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/1*muA-jMq07NCaW0OGh3CgIQ.png 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/1*muA-jMq07NCaW0OGh3CgIQ.png 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/1*muA-jMq07NCaW0OGh3CgIQ.png 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/1*muA-jMq07NCaW0OGh3CgIQ.png 1400w\" sizes=\"(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003cimg alt=\"\" class=\"bf iv iw c\" width=\"700\" height=\"494\" loading=\"lazy\" role=\"presentation\" src=\"https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:700/1*muA-jMq07NCaW0OGh3CgIQ.png\">\u003c/picture>\u003c/div>\u003c/div>\u003cfigcaption class=\"ix iy ea dy dz iz ja bd b be z ft\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">The \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://github.com/ethereum/pm/blob/master/All%20Core%20Devs%20Meetings/Eth1x%20Sync%201.md\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">Eth1x sync call\u003c/a> on November 30, which was open to all core research and development teams. Attendance peaked at around 45 people, setting a new record for an Ethereum core devs call.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\u003cp id=\"180a\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">It’s my nature to be transparent and inclusive. There are many people I would’ve liked to have included in these meetings. Nevertheless I didn’t invite more for three reasons: 1. As far as I was concerned, the meeting was organized by someone else (ConsenSys), and I was an invited guest. It’s poor form to bring other people to an event that you, yourself, were invited to, without very good reason. (I brought Alex and Casey along because I cannot singlehandedly speak for the Ewasm team, but I didn’t broadcast that invitation more widely.) 2. DevCon is all about ad hoc, serendipitous encounters. I was invited to this meeting because I happened to be chatting with some ConsenSys folks earlier in the day about an unrelated topic. Many others who ended up in the room were there for other serendipitous reasons. Sometimes you have to let serendipity do its thing and I didn’t want to take away from anyone else’s DevCon experience by suggesting that they should attend yet another meeting, when the output of that meeting would be public anyway. 3. There quite literally wasn’t enough room for everyone. The spare breakout rooms at DevCon were designed for 10–15 people, and we had already brought in extra chairs to fit 20+.\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"8f41\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">I’ll come back to the topic of transparency in a moment, but first I want to spend a moment talking about “Ethereum 1.x” to put everything in context.\u003c/p>\u003ch1 id=\"acb7\" class=\"jx jy gw bd jz ka kb kc kd ke kf kg kh ic ki id kj if kk ig kl ii km ij kn ko bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">What is Ethereum 1.x and why does it matter?\u003c/h1>\u003cp id=\"e41a\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je kp hx jg jh kq ia jj jk kr jm jn jo ks jq jr js kt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">A long time ago, the Ethereum roadmap was divided into four overarching phases: Frontier, Homestead, Metropolis, and Serenity. My personal interpretation of the phases are as follows. Frontier was an early proof of concept “alpha” release. Homestead could be thought of as “beta” Ethereum: mostly working and stable but lacking robust security, still rough around the edges, and feature-incomplete. Metropolis is “Ethereum 1.0”: secure and reasonably feature-complete but not yet scalable. Serenity, a.k.a. “Ethereum 2.0,” is the “promised land” for Ethereum: a network that can scale to handle an arbitrarily large number of transactions. There are rumors of a fabled \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://twitter.com/drakefjustin/status/1072593728253104128\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">“Ethereum 3.0”\u003c/a> in the far future but the roadmap becomes fuzzy at this point. (The astute reader should note that, by this logic, Ethereum has \u003cem class=\"ll\">not\u003c/em> \u003cem class=\"ll\">yet\u003c/em> reached a 1.0 release. We’re around 0.9 today. As such, Ethereum should still be \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://twitter.com/vladzamfir/status/838006311598030848?lang=en\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">considered beta software\u003c/a>. Caveat emptor.)\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"e9b5\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">The second phase of Metropolis, dubbed Constantinople, has been \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-1013\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">finalized\u003c/a> and \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://twitter.com/5chdn/status/1065723700559912965\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">tested\u003c/a>, and is \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://twitter.com/peter_szilagyi/status/1071052095535628288\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">scheduled\u003c/a> to be released in mid-January 2019. Meanwhile, most attention and energy for the past year or two has been focused on the Ethereum 2.0 “Serenity” roadmap. This is understandable since Serenity brings major changes to Ethereum, most notably proof of stake (Casper) and sharding.\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"861d\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">For a long time, the consensus in the Ethereum community was that we should focus on Serenity, which was previously expected to begin deployment in 2018, and not attempt to make any breaking changes as part of Metropolis.\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"c517\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">Where did that consensus emerge from? That’s hard to say, and it was before my time. While there are \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://www.coindesk.com/next-gen-buidlers-the-8-teams-working-on-ethereum-2-0\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">many more stakeholders today\u003c/a> who have considerable sway, historically the roadmap was driven by a very small number of people. Figuring out how to adjust to this new, diverse, multi-stakeholder world is part of the central thrust of this article.\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"7b78\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">The situation changed in June when \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"/@djrtwo/casper-️-sharding-28a90077f121\">the decision was made\u003c/a> to combine the hitherto distinct sharding and Casper workstreams (hence, “Shasper,” a tongue-in-cheek reference to Serenity). One result of this change is that the \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QDwaAnhSJk8\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">most aggressive estimates\u003c/a> suggest Serenity won’t begin deployment until 2019.\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"8299\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">This leads to two related but distinct challenges.\u003c/p>\u003ch2 id=\"1f2d\" class=\"kw jy gw bd jz kx ky kz kd la lb lc kh jk ld le kj jo lf lg kl js lh li kn lj bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">The technical challenge\u003c/h2>\u003cfigure class=\"im in io ip ek iq dy dz paragraph-image\">\u003cdiv role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"ir is di it bf iu\">\u003cdiv class=\"dy dz lm\">\u003cpicture>\u003csource srcset=\"https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*xeBve64O_jRkOkFykQXGGQ.png 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/format:webp/1*xeBve64O_jRkOkFykQXGGQ.png 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/format:webp/1*xeBve64O_jRkOkFykQXGGQ.png 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/format:webp/1*xeBve64O_jRkOkFykQXGGQ.png 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/format:webp/1*xeBve64O_jRkOkFykQXGGQ.png 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*xeBve64O_jRkOkFykQXGGQ.png 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/format:webp/1*xeBve64O_jRkOkFykQXGGQ.png 1400w\" sizes=\"(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" type=\"image/webp\">\u003csource data-testid=\"og\" srcset=\"https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/1*xeBve64O_jRkOkFykQXGGQ.png 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/1*xeBve64O_jRkOkFykQXGGQ.png 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/1*xeBve64O_jRkOkFykQXGGQ.png 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/1*xeBve64O_jRkOkFykQXGGQ.png 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/1*xeBve64O_jRkOkFykQXGGQ.png 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/1*xeBve64O_jRkOkFykQXGGQ.png 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/1*xeBve64O_jRkOkFykQXGGQ.png 1400w\" sizes=\"(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003cimg alt=\"\" class=\"bf iv iw c\" width=\"700\" height=\"380\" loading=\"lazy\" role=\"presentation\" src=\"https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:700/1*xeBve64O_jRkOkFykQXGGQ.png\">\u003c/picture>\u003c/div>\u003c/div>\u003cfigcaption class=\"ix iy ea dy dz iz ja bd b be z ft\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">Growth in Ethereum state storage items. From Alexey Akhunov’s \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://github.com/ledgerwatch/eth_state/blob/master/State_rent.pdf\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">storage rent proposal\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\u003cp id=\"a910\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">Making Ethereum work today is extraordinarily challenging. Keeping up with Ethereum mainnet is a constantly, rapidly moving target. The state size continues to grow, requiring cleverer and cleverer engineering to maintain it. Commodity hardware struggles and, these days, \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://gitter.im/ethereum/AllCoreDevs?at=5c113a7d28907a3c7b0c146a\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">mostly fails\u003c/a> to keep up with the head of the chain.\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"1f78\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">At this point it is unclear where the trajectories of state growth, the number of active Ethereum nodes, the size and cost of commodity storage hardware, and the impact of scaling intersect. There is a fear among some core developers that state growth is getting out of hand and needs to be bounded in the not-too-distant future or the existing Ethereum chain may not live to see the light of Serenity’s day.\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"d34d\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">I can speak to the cost personally as I’ve been running a couple of full nodes for the past few months, and I just shut one down because I can no longer afford it. Here’s the breakdown of the AWS charges for running two nodes, \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://dev.to/5chdn/the-ethereum-blockchain-size-will-not-exceed-1tb-anytime-soon-58a\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">one full and one an archival node\u003c/a>, for one recent month. If the requirements and cost of running a node continue to exceed the rate at which commodity hardware improves and cheapens, Ethereum will collapse down to a small, relatively centralized core of nodes run by economically incentivized participants such as Infura and Etherscan. The \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://www.ethernodes.org/network/1\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">total node count\u003c/a> has declined from 30,000 at the start of 2018 to around 9,500 today and it continues to drop. There are multiple reasons for this decline, but the cost and difficulty of running a full node today is doubtless one, if not the main reason.\u003c/p>\u003cfigure class=\"im in io ip ek iq dy dz paragraph-image\">\u003cdiv role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"ir is di it bf iu\">\u003cdiv class=\"dy dz ln\">\u003cpicture>\u003csource srcset=\"https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*yNQtWkI1crb4VjhuTUdWOw.png 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/format:webp/1*yNQtWkI1crb4VjhuTUdWOw.png 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/format:webp/1*yNQtWkI1crb4VjhuTUdWOw.png 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/format:webp/1*yNQtWkI1crb4VjhuTUdWOw.png 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/format:webp/1*yNQtWkI1crb4VjhuTUdWOw.png 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*yNQtWkI1crb4VjhuTUdWOw.png 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/format:webp/1*yNQtWkI1crb4VjhuTUdWOw.png 1400w\" sizes=\"(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" type=\"image/webp\">\u003csource data-testid=\"og\" srcset=\"https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/1*yNQtWkI1crb4VjhuTUdWOw.png 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/1*yNQtWkI1crb4VjhuTUdWOw.png 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/1*yNQtWkI1crb4VjhuTUdWOw.png 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/1*yNQtWkI1crb4VjhuTUdWOw.png 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/1*yNQtWkI1crb4VjhuTUdWOw.png 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/1*yNQtWkI1crb4VjhuTUdWOw.png 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/1*yNQtWkI1crb4VjhuTUdWOw.png 1400w\" sizes=\"(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003cimg alt=\"\" class=\"bf iv iw c\" width=\"700\" height=\"197\" loading=\"lazy\" role=\"presentation\" src=\"https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:700/1*yNQtWkI1crb4VjhuTUdWOw.png\">\u003c/picture>\u003c/div>\u003c/div>\u003cfigcaption class=\"ix iy ea dy dz iz ja bd b be z ft\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">The bulk of the cost comes from storing terabytes worth of data on SSD. There is some degree of redundancy here and the costs could probably be reduced by about half with careful pruning but it’s still not cheap.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\u003cp id=\"37ad\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">As the transaction volume and overall state size continue their steep ascent, pressure continues to mount on client software to keep up. At present there are only two production clients that are able to sync and reliably keep up with the mainnet, making up \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://www.ethernodes.org/network/1\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">around 90%\u003c/a> of all Ethereum nodes, and between them there are maybe \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://twitter.com/peter_szilagyi/status/1066670926274674688\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">ten core developers\u003c/a> who are responsible for the bulk of the research and code required to make this possible. These developers understandably feel an enormous burden and an increasing degree of frustration.\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"5b13\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">[EDIT 2019–01–12: I’ll leave the original text intact, above, but I want to add a clarification on these numbers since I understand that they may have caused some confusion. The cost highlighted here is for running multiple nodes, \u003cem class=\"ll\">including an \u003c/em>\u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://twitter.com/5chdn/status/999210007756451840\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cem class=\"ll\">archival node\u003c/em>\u003c/a> (for research purposes), which most people do not and never will need to do. The size of a pruned Ethereum full node, which \u003cem class=\"ll\">still contains\u003c/em> \u003cem class=\"ll\">all chain data,\u003c/em> is \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://twitter.com/5chdn/status/1081607666718380034\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">much smaller\u003c/a>. I posted more specific numbers \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://twitter.com/lrettig/status/1080459897500778498\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">here\u003c/a>: it looks like you can run a full node on AWS today for around $50–70 per month, and perhaps less on other cloud providers. As has been \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"/@tjayrush/this-is-great-lane-but-the-part-where-you-say-it-costs-upwards-of-1-200-a-month-to-run-an-archive-ce05af47a8a6\">pointed out\u003c/a> in the responses to this article, you can also run nodes very cheaply at home. However, my primary point remains: the Ethereum node count \u003cem class=\"ll\">has\u003c/em> fallen precipitously in recent months.]\u003c/p>\u003ch2 id=\"4825\" class=\"kw jy gw bd jz kx ky kz kd la lb lc kh jk ld le kj jo lf lg kl js lh li kn lj bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">The social challenge\u003c/h2>\u003cp id=\"6d60\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je kp hx jg jh kq ia jj jk kr jm jn jo ks jq jr js kt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">The second challenge is more social than technical. As more and more attention and resources have been directed towards Ethereum 2.0, and as the road to Serenity has lengthened, many current Ethereum 1.0 teams have been left wondering what this means for them and their projects.\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"644c\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">One of the biggest challenges in a permissionless ecosystem, where developers are free to work on whatever they find most interesting with little to no top-down oversight, is maintenance. If more core developers are interested in “building the future” by contributing to Serenity or layer two applications, who is responsible for maintaining the existing Ethereum mainnet, and how are those maintainers incentivized, socially as well as economically?\u003c/p>\u003cfigure class=\"im in io ip ek iq dy dz paragraph-image\">\u003cdiv role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"ir is di it bf iu\">\u003cdiv class=\"dy dz il\">\u003cpicture>\u003csource srcset=\"https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*SYWWxK3P9yrdDeyYbfRqCw.jpeg 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/format:webp/1*SYWWxK3P9yrdDeyYbfRqCw.jpeg 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/format:webp/1*SYWWxK3P9yrdDeyYbfRqCw.jpeg 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/format:webp/1*SYWWxK3P9yrdDeyYbfRqCw.jpeg 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/format:webp/1*SYWWxK3P9yrdDeyYbfRqCw.jpeg 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*SYWWxK3P9yrdDeyYbfRqCw.jpeg 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/format:webp/1*SYWWxK3P9yrdDeyYbfRqCw.jpeg 1400w\" sizes=\"(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" type=\"image/webp\">\u003csource data-testid=\"og\" srcset=\"https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/1*SYWWxK3P9yrdDeyYbfRqCw.jpeg 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/1*SYWWxK3P9yrdDeyYbfRqCw.jpeg 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/1*SYWWxK3P9yrdDeyYbfRqCw.jpeg 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/1*SYWWxK3P9yrdDeyYbfRqCw.jpeg 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/1*SYWWxK3P9yrdDeyYbfRqCw.jpeg 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/1*SYWWxK3P9yrdDeyYbfRqCw.jpeg 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/1*SYWWxK3P9yrdDeyYbfRqCw.jpeg 1400w\" sizes=\"(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003cimg alt=\"\" class=\"bf iv iw c\" width=\"700\" height=\"450\" loading=\"lazy\" role=\"presentation\" src=\"https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:700/1*SYWWxK3P9yrdDeyYbfRqCw.jpeg\">\u003c/picture>\u003c/div>\u003c/div>\u003cfigcaption class=\"ix iy ea dy dz iz ja bd b be z ft\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">A small number of people tend to get a disproportionately large share of the attention in our community. How do we recognize and motivate the silent builders working tirelessly to keep Ethereum running? Who is the John Harrison to Ethereum’s Captain Cook? (Photo from ETHBuenosAires)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\u003cp id=\"c6af\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">Ethereum core developers today are under enormous pressure and many feel overworked and under-appreciated. They fulfill an essential role in the community but get very little credit since the best engineering tends to be invisible. To cite an oft-used example, we remember the names of the explorers who sailed around the world and discovered new lands, such as Henry Hudson and James Cook, but by and large not the names of the engineers who made those journeys possible, such as John Harrison, the Yorkshire carpenter who \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"http://www.returnofkings.com/109297/how-john-harrison-solved-the-explorers-problem-of-longitude\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">spent decades perfecting a chronograph\u003c/a> reliable enough to tell time at sea.\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"9d83\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">The “1.x or 2.0” question is also a serious challenge for teams such as \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://github.com/status-im/nimbus\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">Nimbus\u003c/a> and \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://github.com/PegaSysEng/pantheon\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">Pantheon\u003c/a> that are implementing new Ethereum clients from scratch. Should they work towards the existing Constantinople spec, or should they attempt to build Ethereum 2.0 today, a moving target? Should they build an EVM execution engine, or should they go straight to Ewasm?\u003c/p>\u003ch2 id=\"e10c\" class=\"kw jy gw bd jz kx ky kz kd la lb lc kh jk ld le kj jo lf lg kl js lh li kn lj bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">The Ethereum 1.x proposal\u003c/h2>\u003cp id=\"eff0\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je kp hx jg jh kq ia jj jk kr jm jn jo ks jq jr js kt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">All of this leads us to the Ethereum 1.x proposal, which represents a renewed effort to invest in the existing Ethereum 1.0 network and ensure that it can survive and thrive indefinitely, or as long as necessary until Ethereum 2.0 is ready to take its place. It addresses the technical challenge of unbounded state growth through pruning and the introduction of storage rent, and the decision to continue investing in Ethereum 1.x goes a long way towards addressing the social concerns as well.\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"32db\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">\u003ca class=\"ae ku\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"/@cdetrio\">Casey Detrio\u003c/a> already shared a \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://ethereum-magicians.org/t/ethereum-1-dot-x-a-half-baked-roadmap-for-mainnet-improvements/1995?u=lrettig\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">great writeup\u003c/a> of the technical details of the proposal, so I won’t repeat them here. The four working groups have all published \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://github.com/ethereum/pm/blob/master/All%20Core%20Devs%20Meetings/Eth1x%20Sync%201.md#agenda\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">their proposals\u003c/a>, which are open for discussion on the Fellowship of Ethereum Magicians \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://ethereum-magicians.org\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">forum\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"7177\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">It’s important to note that Ethereum 1.x is not a monolithic plan so much as a bundle of disparate-but-somewhat-related proposals to improve Ethereum today while waiting for Serenity. The most aggressive estimates suggest that Ethereum 1.x could theoretically achieve a \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://ethereum-magicians.org/t/hypothetical-maximum-scale-of-eth-1-x/2264\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">dramatic increase in throughput\u003c/a> through a combination of a \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9954\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">reduced uncle rate\u003c/a>, \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://gist.github.com/karalabe/60be7bef184c8ec286fc7ee2b35b0b5b#theoretical-solution\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">state pruning\u003c/a>, \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://slideslive.com/38911946\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">parallelization\u003c/a>, \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://github.com/ewasm/design/blob/master/rationale.md\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">Ewasm\u003c/a>, and several other ideas, although in practice it’s likely that such an increase would be limited to 1.5–5x to \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://twitter.com/VitalikButerin/status/1072488883533869058?s=20\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">limit sync time\u003c/a>, state growth, and the effects of centralization, to have a safety valve for the next Cryptokitties, and due to \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://blog.ethereum.org/2016/10/31/uncle-rate-transaction-fee-analysis/\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">fundamental I/O limits\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"ed66\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">Why didn’t we attempt to scale Ethereum 1.x previously? Many of these ideas are not new and have been around as long as Serenity, if not longer. My personal belief is that it’s a combination of three factors: 1. Until very recently, Ethereum was a \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://finance.yahoo.com/news/yahoo-crypto-bitcoin-economist-makes-030027305.html\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">“science experiment”\u003c/a> and no one was really using it anyway, so scaling simply wasn’t a question. 2. Until very recently, it was easy to believe that Serenity would be a panacea that would solve all scaling problems, now and forever, and that it would be here soon enough that it didn’t make sense to invest in other scaling technologies. 3. \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://github.com/ledgerwatch/eth_state/blob/master/State_rent.pdf\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">State growth\u003c/a> has recently become a serious issue, and any attempt to scale Ethereum today without a solution would only exacerbate the problem.\u003c/p>\u003ch1 id=\"f5a6\" class=\"jx jy gw bd jz ka kb kc kd ke kf kg kh ic ki id kj if kk ig kl ii km ij kn ko bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">Two sides to the story\u003c/h1>\u003cfigure class=\"im in io ip ek iq dy dz paragraph-image\">\u003cdiv role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"ir is di it bf iu\">\u003cdiv class=\"dy dz il\">\u003cpicture>\u003csource srcset=\"https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*9RBdWZQH9bjVfX6NM4YFog.jpeg 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/format:webp/1*9RBdWZQH9bjVfX6NM4YFog.jpeg 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/format:webp/1*9RBdWZQH9bjVfX6NM4YFog.jpeg 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/format:webp/1*9RBdWZQH9bjVfX6NM4YFog.jpeg 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/format:webp/1*9RBdWZQH9bjVfX6NM4YFog.jpeg 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*9RBdWZQH9bjVfX6NM4YFog.jpeg 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/format:webp/1*9RBdWZQH9bjVfX6NM4YFog.jpeg 1400w\" sizes=\"(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" type=\"image/webp\">\u003csource data-testid=\"og\" srcset=\"https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/1*9RBdWZQH9bjVfX6NM4YFog.jpeg 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/1*9RBdWZQH9bjVfX6NM4YFog.jpeg 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/1*9RBdWZQH9bjVfX6NM4YFog.jpeg 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/1*9RBdWZQH9bjVfX6NM4YFog.jpeg 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/1*9RBdWZQH9bjVfX6NM4YFog.jpeg 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/1*9RBdWZQH9bjVfX6NM4YFog.jpeg 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/1*9RBdWZQH9bjVfX6NM4YFog.jpeg 1400w\" sizes=\"(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003cimg alt=\"\" class=\"bf iv iw c\" width=\"700\" height=\"462\" loading=\"lazy\" role=\"presentation\" src=\"https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:700/1*9RBdWZQH9bjVfX6NM4YFog.jpeg\">\u003c/picture>\u003c/div>\u003c/div>\u003cfigcaption class=\"ix iy ea dy dz iz ja bd b be z ft\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">Luis Cuende and John Light of Aragon share their findings from one of the \u003cspan class=\"bloat\">#EIP0\u003c/span> breakout sessions in Toronto in May. Aragon has been a leader in \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://blog.aragon.org/why-transparency-matters-d6f9e6e10985/\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">promoting radical transparency\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\u003cp id=\"14e8\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">Back to the question of transparency, which was very much on our minds as we met in Prague. While everyone agreed that the output of the initiative would be a series of public EIPs, opinions differed on how much transparency was needed at each stage. Some felt that the entire process should be transparent from the start. Others felt that we should iterate a bit more to produce reasonable proposals and, in particular, that we should test our assumptions against real data and release proposed solutions alongside the problem statement, lest it be perceived as apocalyptic.\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"7b34\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">Some expressed a desire for a more private forum where core devs and researchers could communicate openly beyond the public spotlight, but Vitalik and others argued convincingly against any form of “institutionalized privacy” such as private calls or a private forum.\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"6815\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">There are two sides to this story and I want to explain both.\u003c/p>\u003ch2 id=\"91dc\" class=\"kw jy gw bd jz kx ky kz kd la lb lc kh jk ld le kj jo lf lg kl js lh li kn lj bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">Why transparency is good\u003c/h2>\u003cp id=\"e219\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je kp hx jg jh kq ia jj jk kr jm jn jo ks jq jr js kt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">This is sort of a no-brainer. Other things being equal, more transparency is always desirable because it minimizes corruption and maximizes the number of stakeholders whose interests are represented. Lack of transparency inevitably leads to backroom deals, corruption, distrust, and, in the extreme case, \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://www.economist.com/leaders/2018/11/24/some-international-regulators-have-been-captured-by-producer-interests\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">capture\u003c/a>. Ethereum, by contrast, is a fundamentally open platform: all stakeholders in the platform, be they core developers, researchers, app developers, miners, exchanges, traders, hodlers, or users, have the right to observe and participate in governance. The \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">EIP process\u003c/a> is designed to facilitate this.\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"aa2e\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">Policy aside, there’s something even deeper at play here: \u003cem class=\"ll\">Ethereum simply cannot exist\u003c/em> \u003cem class=\"ll\">without the support of a broad contingent of stakeholders.\u003c/em> Due to the open nature of the code and data, any sufficiently large subset of stakeholders has the power to fork Ethereum at any time. The fork is our superpower. It’s what sets us apart from default world governance and it’s a powerful coordination mechanism that acts as our safety valve of last resort: if all else fails, if the current governance mechanisms were ever to fail or become corrupt, any subset of the community would always have the option of forking and installing different governance mechanisms.\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"2a5e\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">In fact, it’s even easier than coordinating a fork: it only requires \u003cem class=\"ll\">inaction,\u003c/em> e.g., the decision not to upgrade the software and participate in a sanctioned hard fork. Witness the birth of \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethereum_Classic\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">Ethereum Classic\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"d5e0\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">This mechanism is called \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exit,_Voice,_and_Loyalty\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">exit or voice\u003c/a>. If a sufficiently large set of stakeholders were to become disenfranchised or were to feel that their interests were not being represented — in other words, if they felt that they didn’t have a \u003cem class=\"ll\">voice — \u003c/em>they could choose to \u003cem class=\"ll\">exit. \u003c/em>This mechanism keeps the core developers honest. Transparency is key for enfranchisement.\u003c/p>\u003ch2 id=\"060a\" class=\"kw jy gw bd jz kx ky kz kd la lb lc kh jk ld le kj jo lf lg kl js lh li kn lj bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">Where transparency is challenging\u003c/h2>\u003cp id=\"8162\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je kp hx jg jh kq ia jj jk kr jm jn jo ks jq jr js kt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">As described under Social Challenge, above, Ethereum core developers today are under enormous pressure and many feel overworked and under-appreciated.\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"507d\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">Many core developers feel antagonized by the media: they are often misquoted and their words taken out of context to push some particular agenda. They feel that they are overly scrutinized. What’s more, they feel that the ones doing the criticizing do not appreciate how much pressure they are under and in many cases are people who haven’t themselves added any value to the project. Like engineers everywhere, they want to be left alone to do good work in the way that they see fit.\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"3f3e\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">There is growing frustration with how difficult it is to “get anything done” in Ethereum since even seemingly small changes can take months of back-and-forth political wrangling. This is, of course, by design and it’s one of Ethereum’s great strengths — that no individual or organization can unilaterally push through a protocol change without broad support. But software developers are not naturally inclined to enjoy politics.\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"f82f\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">Coordinating political dialogue among dozens of core developers and attempting to factor in the sentiment of thousands of others in the community, all the while feeling under attack by the media and the public, leads to a lot of stress and enormous cognitive burden. The Ethereum 1.x initiative and the meetings in Prague happened in response to this frustration. A subgroup of core developers came together out of love for Ethereum and a desire to improve the protocol. They wanted to put their heads together and write up a series of proposals that would be released to the public and flow into the existing, open EIP process.\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"d60a\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">We can turn to more mature industries for inspiration. The best designers include both a public, open component and a private, closed component in the design process. Design thinking is a well-understood process which involves \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/article/5-stages-in-the-design-thinking-process\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">successive stages\u003c/a> that alternate between external, customer focus (empathize, define, test) and internal, private focus (ideate, prototype). I think a similar process of iterating between public (seeking to understand problems, testing proposed solutions, collecting feedback) and private (drawing up proposals, prototyping) is an effective way to develop strong technical proposals as well. It also offers developers some respite from the burden of operating under the public gaze.\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"b9bd\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">The most important point to make is that no decisions were being made in these meetings, just discussion and coordination leading towards open proposals.\u003c/p>\u003ch2 id=\"b967\" class=\"kw jy gw bd jz kx ky kz kd la lb lc kh jk ld le kj jo lf lg kl js lh li kn lj bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">The bigger picture\u003c/h2>\u003cp id=\"0f9e\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je kp hx jg jh kq ia jj jk kr jm jn jo ks jq jr js kt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">I want to zoom out from Ethereum for a moment to explore the broader context to the questions we’re discussing here: transparency, radical participation, and technocracy. To be clear, none of these are new ideas and in many ways we are rehashing struggles that humans have been facing for millennia. We must recognize this and we should seek to learn from past examples and prior scholarship on these topics.\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"3ab2\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">Ethereum governance today is mostly informal and \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"/@Vlad_Zamfir/against-on-chain-governance-a4ceacd040ca\">it happens off-chain\u003c/a> in the realm of humans and egos. The EIP process is the one regular, formal governance mechanism, and even \u003cem class=\"ll\">it\u003c/em> is rough around the edges: no one has ever formally defined “core dev” (here’s \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"/@hudsonjameson\">Hudson’s\u003c/a> most recent takes on this: \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://github.com/ethereum/pm/blob/master/All%20Core%20Devs%20Meetings/Meeting%2050.md#discussion-about-openness-and-roadmap-discussions-in-prague\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">one\u003c/a> \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://gitter.im/ethereum/AllCoreDevs?at=5c013fbb464b6c0fd66cba27\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">two\u003c/a>), nor been able to articulate precisely who is invited to the All Core Devs calls nor the precise magic needed to get an EIP brought up in the call. To be clear, I consider this a good thing and one of Ethereum’s greatest strengths since \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lLMVkmSTwho\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">a more formalized governance mechanism risks capture\u003c/a>, corruption, or losing the discretion of node operators who must proactively opt into forks.\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"81e9\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">However, there is a downside to highly informal governance mechanisms: they tend towards backroom deals and a lack of transparency. This is a classic challenge of governance known as the \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tyranny_of_Structurelessness\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">Tyranny of Structurelessness\u003c/a>. Tl;dr version: there is no such thing as a lack of structure. In its absence, humans organize themselves in an ad hoc, social fashion and the result, lacking transparency or formal participation mechanisms, may be worse than a more structured approach to begin with.\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"708a\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">The EIP process is our stopgap transparency mechanism but there are many, many conversations and much research leading up to EIPs that belongs in the public domain as well — and that would benefit from the input of a larger, more diverse body of stakeholders. For this reason, and given our informal system of governance, it is incumbent upon stakeholders such as core developers to act as transparently as possible at all times, and to choose transparency as a default, restricting it only when the circumstances call for it, and then only narrowly (such as via use of Chatham House, more on which in a moment).\u003c/p>\u003ch2 id=\"a663\" class=\"kw jy gw bd jz kx ky kz kd la lb lc kh jk ld le kj jo lf lg kl js lh li kn lj bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">Technocracy\u003c/h2>\u003cfigure class=\"im in io ip ek iq\">\u003cdiv class=\"bz lo l di\">\u003cdiv class=\"lp lq l\">\u003c/div>\u003c/div>\u003c/figure>\u003cp id=\"272f\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">I also want to briefly address the question of \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technocracy\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">technocracy\u003c/a>, since it came up as part of the Ethereum 1.x conversation. The argument goes something like this: The challenges (such as lack of rent) that Ethereum is facing today are highly technical and only a very small number of people in the world understand them well enough to make an informed decision about them. Therefore, it doesn’t matter what the uninformed public thinks. We technologists need to make an informed decision that’s in everybody’s best interest.\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"903d\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">This question — technocracy vs. democracy — is as old as human civilization. Technocracy is appealing to those in charge but it’s extraordinarily dangerous. The rise in populism globally in recent years and the ongoing protests in France over the past few weeks are in many ways an expression of public anger at the perception of a distant elite making paternalistic, technocratic decisions on their behalf — including removing fuel subsidies, which hits \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://twitter.com/lrettig/status/1071018250954100738\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">frighteningly close to home\u003c/a> for us.\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"3ba8\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">Taken to the extreme, technocracy becomes extreme paternalism, authoritarianism, even apartheid (in the non-racial sense), as it involves dividing the community into two groups, those who (by some arbitrary criteria) “get it” and those who “don’t,” and allowing those who “get it” to make decisions on behalf of those who “don’t.”\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"2706\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">It shouldn’t take too much reflection to realize that technocracy is in fact antithetical to the values of Ethereum and to the world we are trying to build — a world that enfranchises all humans everywhere, a permissionless world free of gatekeepers, a world where \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"/crypto-nyc/so-you-think-you-want-to-be-a-core-developer-87cca2cb475e\">you can self-identify as a core developer\u003c/a> (or any other class of stakeholder) if you so desire.\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"4853\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">Humans are silly and fallible and sometimes we make decisions that are against our self-interest or the self-interest of our community, but we need to respect these decisions, too, and let people be free to make these mistakes. I believe that the voice of the community in Ethereum is sacrosanct and inviolable. Instead of lamenting poor decisions, and instead of building a technocracy, we should seek to educate and enfranchise a larger and larger portion of the community — including the press, which should help alleviate some of the concerns about misrepresentation.\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"4379\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">And, if you disagree, you are also free to fork away to your own private technocratic paradise chain (Techthereum?). Exit or voice!\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"662e\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">I’ll leave you with this powerful quote from \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://www.goodreads.com/quotes/297074-but-i-don-t-want-comfort-i-want-god-i-want\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">Brave New World\u003c/a>, and ask you to contemplate what it means for Ethereum:\u003c/p>\u003cblockquote class=\"lr ls lt\">\u003cp id=\"585f\" class=\"jb jc ll jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj lu jl jm jn lv jp jq jr lw jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">‘But I don’t want comfort. I want God, I want poetry, I want real danger, I want freedom, I want goodness, I want sin.’\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"66a3\" class=\"jb jc ll jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj lu jl jm jn lv jp jq jr lw jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">‘In fact,’ said Mustapha Mond, ‘you’re claiming the right to be unhappy.’\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"89a2\" class=\"jb jc ll jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj lu jl jm jn lv jp jq jr lw jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">‘All right then,’ said the Savage defiantly, ‘I’m claiming the right to be unhappy.’\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"80b4\" class=\"jb jc ll jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj lu jl jm jn lv jp jq jr lw jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">‘Not to mention the right to grow old and ugly and impotent; the right to have syphilis and cancer; the right to have too little to eat; the right to be lousy; the right to live in constant apprehension of what may happen tomorrow; the right to catch typhoid; the right to be tortured by unspeakable pains of every kind.’ There was a long silence.\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"b3e6\" class=\"jb jc ll jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj lu jl jm jn lv jp jq jr lw jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">‘I claim them all,’ said the Savage at last.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\u003ch1 id=\"78d4\" class=\"jx jy gw bd jz ka kb kc kd ke kf kg kh ic ki id kj if kk ig kl ii km ij kn ko bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">Keeping governance open\u003c/h1>\u003cp id=\"2673\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je kp hx jg jh kq ia jj jk kr jm jn jo ks jq jr js kt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">To wrap up the question of transparency, I’d like to share some lessons that I learned about open governance while organizing an unrelated event earlier this year.\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"509c\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">\u003cstrong class=\"jd gx\">\u003cspan class=\"bloat\">#EIP0\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\u003cfigure class=\"im in io ip ek iq dy dz paragraph-image\">\u003cdiv role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"ir is di it bf iu\">\u003cdiv class=\"dy dz lx\">\u003cpicture>\u003csource srcset=\"https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*NyViJ3gOegcmSb5boWlcVw.jpeg 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/format:webp/1*NyViJ3gOegcmSb5boWlcVw.jpeg 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/format:webp/1*NyViJ3gOegcmSb5boWlcVw.jpeg 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/format:webp/1*NyViJ3gOegcmSb5boWlcVw.jpeg 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/format:webp/1*NyViJ3gOegcmSb5boWlcVw.jpeg 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*NyViJ3gOegcmSb5boWlcVw.jpeg 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/format:webp/1*NyViJ3gOegcmSb5boWlcVw.jpeg 1400w\" sizes=\"(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" type=\"image/webp\">\u003csource data-testid=\"og\" srcset=\"https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/1*NyViJ3gOegcmSb5boWlcVw.jpeg 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/1*NyViJ3gOegcmSb5boWlcVw.jpeg 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/1*NyViJ3gOegcmSb5boWlcVw.jpeg 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/1*NyViJ3gOegcmSb5boWlcVw.jpeg 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/1*NyViJ3gOegcmSb5boWlcVw.jpeg 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/1*NyViJ3gOegcmSb5boWlcVw.jpeg 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/1*NyViJ3gOegcmSb5boWlcVw.jpeg 1400w\" sizes=\"(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003cimg alt=\"\" class=\"bf iv iw c\" width=\"700\" height=\"406\" loading=\"lazy\" role=\"presentation\" src=\"https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:700/1*NyViJ3gOegcmSb5boWlcVw.jpeg\">\u003c/picture>\u003c/div>\u003c/div>\u003cfigcaption class=\"ix iy ea dy dz iz ja bd b be z ft\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">Day two of the \u003cspan class=\"bloat\">#EIP0\u003c/span> Summit in Toronto in May. Lots more juicy photos \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://twitter.com/lrettig/status/991699160914186246\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\u003cp id=\"1023\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">We struggled mightily with the question of openness when we organized the \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"/eip0-summit/eip0-summit-statement-of-intent-to-support-ethereum-governance-initiatives-e54ff782933\">\u003cspan class=\"bloat\">#EIP0\u003c/span> summit\u003c/a>, a non-technical governance initiative held in May 2018. On the one hand, we wanted to bring together a group of professional stakeholders to have extremely open and honest dialog about the philosophical, social, economic, and ethical challenges facing Ethereum governance, and about controversial topics such as fund recovery. On the other hand, we wanted to document and share our findings with the public and invite everyone, including the media, to ask questions. The guiding principle was that we wanted to be \u003cem class=\"ll\">as open as possible\u003c/em> while also ensuring that the participants had a safe space where they could \u003cem class=\"ll\">speak openly and candidly \u003c/em>about extremely sensitive, controversial topics.\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"115c\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">We ended up settling on three compromises.\u003c/p>\u003ch2 id=\"b67f\" class=\"kw jy gw bd jz kx ky kz kd la lb lc kh jk ld le kj jo lf lg kl js lh li kn lj bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">Chatham House Rule\u003c/h2>\u003cp id=\"a44a\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je kp hx jg jh kq ia jj jk kr jm jn jo ks jq jr js kt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">\u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://www.chathamhouse.org/chatham-house-rule\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">Chatham House Rule\u003c/a> is a very simple idea which says that everything discussed will be recorded and shared but that the notes will not be attributed to any particular speaker. I believe that it’s a reasonable compromise since it simultaneously achieves both goals: it allows speakers to speak very candidly without fear of retribution or of being misquoted while also maintaining transparency.\u003c/p>\u003ch2 id=\"ffd5\" class=\"kw jy gw bd jz kx ky kz kd la lb lc kh jk ld le kj jo lf lg kl js lh li kn lj bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">More and less open spaces\u003c/h2>\u003cp id=\"9015\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je kp hx jg jh kq ia jj jk kr jm jn jo ks jq jr js kt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">We had three or four different rooms at the \u003cspan class=\"bloat\">#EIP0\u003c/span> venue. We set up recording and live-streaming in the main space only. Breakout sessions happened in other spaces under the Chatham House Rule. At the end of each breakout session we reconvened in the main space and the findings of the breakout session were shared with the larger group, as well as \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://www.reddit.com/r/ethereum/comments/8g8tbx/live_stream_eip0_governance_summit/\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">on the livestream\u003c/a>. Participants agreed that what they shared in the breakout rooms was strictly under the Chatham House Rule, and that what they shared in the main room was public. Again, I feel strongly that this compromise allowed us to achieve both of our goals.\u003c/p>\u003ch2 id=\"8df8\" class=\"kw jy gw bd jz kx ky kz kd la lb lc kh jk ld le kj jo lf lg kl js lh li kn lj bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">Public-private\u003c/h2>\u003cp id=\"7dac\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je kp hx jg jh kq ia jj jk kr jm jn jo ks jq jr js kt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">Finally, while the event was invite-only, we nevertheless wanted to engage directly with the larger community to share our thoughts and findings and to answer questions. We accomplished this in several ways. We hosted a \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xft6xlNtqkg\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">public meetup\u003c/a> on the final evening of the event and invited reporters. At the public meetup, we shared our findings, hosted a panel, and took questions. We also did a live-streamed \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://www.reddit.com/r/ethereum/comments/8ggrgo/join_the_ethereum_governance_ama_at_the_eip0/\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">AMA session\u003c/a> on Reddit for a portion of the event. Finally, we published \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://docs.google.com/document/d/1NGp-GAq16DNzLnCrQ943JLjvpHL65YM6m9GF0fIj8bw/edit\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">all of our notes\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\u003ch2 id=\"ff65\" class=\"kw jy gw bd jz kx ky kz kd la lb lc kh jk ld le kj jo lf lg kl js lh li kn lj bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">Whither to?\u003c/h2>\u003cp id=\"c98e\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je kp hx jg jh kq ia jj jk kr jm jn jo ks jq jr js kt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">As I said before, I believe that openness in Ethereum is sacrosanct and inviolable. However, I also believe that core developers, like other members of the community, have a right to privacy and that it’s unrealistic and unfair to expect that 100% of their interactions should be subject to public scrutiny. While private conversations among core developers do not all need to be public, to some extent, this right to privacy is forfeit due to the nature of the Ethereum project: for instance, core developers must acknowledge and accept that our work product, e.g., our code, will be visible to and largely owned by the public domain. Folks who aren’t comfortable with this bargain should, as \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"/@gregcolvin\">Greg Colvin\u003c/a> \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://github.com/ethereum/pm/blob/master/All%20Core%20Devs%20Meetings/Meeting%2050.md#discussion-about-openness-and-roadmap-discussions-in-prague\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">put it\u003c/a>, “find another project to work on.”\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"c5ae\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">I propose that, as a community, we reach consensus on a set of ground rules that we can all respect.\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"e29a\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">First things first: the EIP process is and must always remain transparent. This means that the fortnightly All Core Devs calls where EIPs are discussed and decisions are made about hard forks must remain transparent: they will be \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://twitter.com/hudsonjameson/status/1069646446629130240\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">live-streamed and recorded\u003c/a>, and notes will be taken whenever possible. With this safeguard in place, we can discuss what leads up to the EIP process.\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"9e9b\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">I believe that any set of community members should be free at any time to collaborate in private to produce an EIP or another proposal. These conversations need not be broadcast or recorded, since their output will be.\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"e55f\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">This still leaves the question of how to handle initiatives like Ethereum 1.x which fall somewhere in between these two: they do not involve making decisions and their output will be public, but they also involve a critical mass of stakeholders and core developers and involve \u003cem class=\"ll\">meta-decisions\u003c/em> such as where resources will be allocated and which topics will be researched for possible inclusion into an EIP. We must appreciate that defaults are powerful and that, by the time an EIP has been written with input from and the blessing of the Ethereum Foundation, ConsenSys, and Parity (to name but three stakeholders present in the Prague meetings), the default behavior for many others may be to accept it as a done deal.\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"3de5\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">Exactly where this “gray area” begins and ends is \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://twitter.com/lrettig/status/1069798045469081600\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">highly subjective\u003c/a> but we should know it when we see it. Relevant factors include the number of people in the room, the number of organizations represented, the scope of the topics being discussed, whether and how many resources are being allocated, how far in advance the meeting was planned, etc. In this gray area, I believe the right thing to do is to announce the fact that the meeting is happening, share the list of attendees/stakeholders present, and share the notes from the meeting, although those notes may be unattributed. I commit to upholding this principle going forward and I invite you to do the same.\u003c/p>\u003ch1 id=\"b44f\" class=\"jx jy gw bd jz ka kb kc kd ke kf kg kh ic ki id kj if kk ig kl ii km ij kn ko bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">The role of the Magicians\u003c/h1>\u003cfigure class=\"im in io ip ek iq dy dz paragraph-image\">\u003cdiv role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"ir is di it bf iu\">\u003cdiv class=\"dy dz il\">\u003cpicture>\u003csource srcset=\"https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*yV_PV13i5gaEYDM_EtB23A.jpeg 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/format:webp/1*yV_PV13i5gaEYDM_EtB23A.jpeg 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/format:webp/1*yV_PV13i5gaEYDM_EtB23A.jpeg 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/format:webp/1*yV_PV13i5gaEYDM_EtB23A.jpeg 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/format:webp/1*yV_PV13i5gaEYDM_EtB23A.jpeg 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*yV_PV13i5gaEYDM_EtB23A.jpeg 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/format:webp/1*yV_PV13i5gaEYDM_EtB23A.jpeg 1400w\" sizes=\"(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" type=\"image/webp\">\u003csource data-testid=\"og\" srcset=\"https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/1*yV_PV13i5gaEYDM_EtB23A.jpeg 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/1*yV_PV13i5gaEYDM_EtB23A.jpeg 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/1*yV_PV13i5gaEYDM_EtB23A.jpeg 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/1*yV_PV13i5gaEYDM_EtB23A.jpeg 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/1*yV_PV13i5gaEYDM_EtB23A.jpeg 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/1*yV_PV13i5gaEYDM_EtB23A.jpeg 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/1*yV_PV13i5gaEYDM_EtB23A.jpeg 1400w\" sizes=\"(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003cimg alt=\"\" class=\"bf iv iw c\" width=\"700\" height=\"477\" loading=\"lazy\" role=\"presentation\" src=\"https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:700/1*yV_PV13i5gaEYDM_EtB23A.jpeg\">\u003c/picture>\u003c/div>\u003c/div>\u003cfigcaption class=\"ix iy ea dy dz iz ja bd b be z ft\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">The Fellowship of Ethereum Magicians Council of Berlin in July\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\u003cp id=\"3a1a\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">In a few short months, the \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://ethereum-magicians.org/\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">Fellowship of Ethereum Magicians\u003c/a> has grown from a silly-sounding meme and a small group of nerds into a force to be reckoned with. It sent shivers down my spine seeing a room full of hundreds of eager participants at the most recent \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L3CrIhs7_3k\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">Council of Prague\u003c/a>. Contributors have already formed working groups (dubbed “rings”) to explore tokens, signals, dev tools, education, and \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://github.com/ethereum-magicians/scrolls/wiki#rings\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">many more topics\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"f2c9\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">While I think many of us would like to stick our heads in the sand and believe that we are still a group of nerds who also happen to be friends, building a piece of technology together because it’s fun and challenging, it’s probably time to recognize that this thing that we’ve designed and built is out of our hands. We can’t control \u003cem class=\"ll\">who\u003c/em> builds on Ethereum, nor \u003cem class=\"ll\">what\u003c/em> they build, which is sort of the whole point in the first place, but it also means that reputations, private companies, other people’s data, and billions of dollars of value are being built on Ethereum today. To the extent that Ethereum ever \u003cem class=\"ll\">works\u003c/em> (however you want to define that), we need to be extraordinarily mindful of which governance and power structures we install in our community today to ensure that Ethereum matures into a platform that factors in the needs of, and becomes useful to, all sorts of people. The Magicians, along with initiatives such as \u003cspan class=\"bloat\">#EIP0\u003c/span>, have large role to play in this process.\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"844b\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">My hope from the beginning has been that the Magicians are able to play an increasingly large, mature role in the technical governance of the Ethereum protocol and relieve some of the burden felt by the core devs. However, we are still figuring out that role and how it fits into existing governance mechanisms, formal and informal. We must also recognize that the Magicians initiative \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"/@jpitts/an-open-invitation-to-participate-in-a-fellowship-of-ethereum-magicians-982e6143db4f\">was created\u003c/a> in true permissionless, grassroots fashion, without the buy-in or support of the majority of the core developers. Core developers are already inundated with inbound questions, requests, ideas, complaints, and communications more generally. As the Magicians initiative matures, it’s important that it understand these constraints and that it build open, trusted, bidirectional lines of communication with other stakeholders, but today this is very much a work in progress. As genuinely moving as it is to see 300 eager Magicians in a room debating Ethereum technology and wanting to contribute, for some core developers, it’s 300 more voices they’re somehow expected to listen to and be accountable to.\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"044d\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">I helped organize a core R&D x EthMagicians \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"/ethereum-magicians/demystifying-the-road-to-ethereum-2-0-8130ade8d00f\">Q&A panel\u003c/a> at the Council of Prague as a first step, and I commit to working more closely with all stakeholders to foster better collaboration.\u003c/p>\u003ch1 id=\"0d1e\" class=\"jx jy gw bd jz ka kb kc kd ke kf kg kh ic ki id kj if kk ig kl ii km ij kn ko bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">Diversity and inclusion\u003c/h1>\u003cfigure class=\"im in io ip ek iq dy dz paragraph-image\">\u003cdiv role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"ir is di it bf iu\">\u003cdiv class=\"dy dz il\">\u003cpicture>\u003csource srcset=\"https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*cKvGN-k2a7Ig98jy55LqjA.jpeg 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/format:webp/1*cKvGN-k2a7Ig98jy55LqjA.jpeg 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/format:webp/1*cKvGN-k2a7Ig98jy55LqjA.jpeg 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/format:webp/1*cKvGN-k2a7Ig98jy55LqjA.jpeg 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/format:webp/1*cKvGN-k2a7Ig98jy55LqjA.jpeg 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*cKvGN-k2a7Ig98jy55LqjA.jpeg 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/format:webp/1*cKvGN-k2a7Ig98jy55LqjA.jpeg 1400w\" sizes=\"(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" type=\"image/webp\">\u003csource data-testid=\"og\" srcset=\"https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/1*cKvGN-k2a7Ig98jy55LqjA.jpeg 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/1*cKvGN-k2a7Ig98jy55LqjA.jpeg 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/1*cKvGN-k2a7Ig98jy55LqjA.jpeg 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/1*cKvGN-k2a7Ig98jy55LqjA.jpeg 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/1*cKvGN-k2a7Ig98jy55LqjA.jpeg 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/1*cKvGN-k2a7Ig98jy55LqjA.jpeg 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/1*cKvGN-k2a7Ig98jy55LqjA.jpeg 1400w\" sizes=\"(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003cimg alt=\"\" class=\"bf iv iw c\" width=\"700\" height=\"429\" loading=\"lazy\" role=\"presentation\" src=\"https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:700/1*cKvGN-k2a7Ig98jy55LqjA.jpeg\">\u003c/picture>\u003c/div>\u003c/div>\u003cfigcaption class=\"ix iy ea dy dz iz ja bd b be z ft\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">The Diversity & Inclusion breakout session, part of the Society & Systems track at DevCon IV\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\u003cp id=\"df85\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">Last but absolutely not least, I want to address a topic that is near and dear to my heart, and one which I think is extraordinarily relevant as we consider the future of Ethereum. As I sat in the Ethereum 1.x discussions in Prague — shortly after attending the Society & Systems breakout session on Diversity & Inclusion — I made a point of noticing the other people in the room. Of 20–30 stakeholders present, there was only one woman in the room, and only one person of color. The demographics are similar throughout the broader core dev community.\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"6f53\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">There is so much more to be said about this topic and there’s no way I can do it justice in this space, nor can I, as a cisgender, privileged, white American male, hope to do it justice on my own, but the very least I can do is point to a lack of diversity when I see it and say, “This is wrong.”\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"9dde\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">My vision of Ethereum is that it matures into a platform for humans everywhere to build, transact, and participate in the technology and economy of the future. Despite our best intentions, there is simply no way that a room full of privileged, Western, white men can envision, design, or build such a platform without a \u003cem class=\"ll\">much\u003c/em> broader set of stakeholders.\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"28d6\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">There is a role here for the Ethereum Magicians, should they choose to accept it (time for a diversity ring?). There is a role for organizations such as \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"http://www.blackgirlscode.com/\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">Black Girls Code\u003c/a>, which has been engaged in Ethereum events in locations such as \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://twitter.com/lrettig/status/1043928846494560257\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">Atlanta\u003c/a>, \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://twitter.com/RobTG4/status/1047675710955900928\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">Oakland\u003c/a>, and at \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://twitter.com/BlackGirlsCode/status/1057682357321433088\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">DevCon IV in Prague\u003c/a>, and initiatives such as \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://consensys.net/social-impact/\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">ConsenSys Social Impact\u003c/a>, which developed this relationship.\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"54c5\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">Diversity and inclusion initiatives need to be \u003cem class=\"ll\">active\u003c/em> if they are to be effective. I commit to doing everything in my power to promote diversity and inclusion in Ethereum at every level, but I am not an expert and I need your help to do it.\u003c/p>\u003ch1 id=\"c3af\" class=\"jx jy gw bd jz ka kb kc kd ke kf kg kh ic ki id kj if kk ig kl ii km ij kn ko bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">Get involved!\u003c/h1>\u003cp id=\"c122\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je kp hx jg jh kq ia jj jk kr jm jn jo ks jq jr js kt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">If you’re interested in joining the conversation, now is a great time to help out with Ethereum governance. We are a permissionless, open, transparent community and welcome all voices. Listen to the fortnightly \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://github.com/ethereum/pm/\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">All Core Devs calls\u003c/a>, participate in the \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"http://eips.ethereum.org\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">EIP process\u003c/a>, and join the conversation on \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"http://gitter.im/ethereum/governance\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">Gitter\u003c/a>. The \u003ca class=\"ae ku\" href=\"https://ethereum-magicians.org\" rel=\"noopener ugc nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">Fellowship of Ethereum Magicians forum\u003c/a> is an excellent place to get started!\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"8768\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">Remember: there is no governing body in Ethereum. There is no “them.” Only us. We are all in this together. ✌️\u003c/p>\u003cp id=\"5a68\" class=\"pw-post-body-paragraph jb jc gw jd b je jf hx jg jh ji ia jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw gp bi\" data-selectable-paragraph=\"\">\u003cstrong class=\"jd gx\">Special thanks\u003c/strong> to Alexey Akhunov, Olivier Begassat,\u003cstrong class=\"jd gx\"> \u003c/strong>Joseph Chow, Greg Colvin, Daniel Heyman, Shahan Khatchadourian, Boris Mann, and Jamie Pitts for extremely helpful feedback, and to Alexey Akhunov and Fred Harrysson for helping me understand the various ways we might scale Ethereum 1.x.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>\u003c/div>","image":{"url":"https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1200/1*RNRpqxKufsuuNLEBFRucnQ.jpeg","_id":"642471e838061b74f44f2071"},"myContext":[{"topic":"eth","activity":460,"score":465}],"type":"ghost","description":"On transparency, governance, and the challenge of keeping Ethereum 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IV.","author":"ZeroTricks","replies":[],"directReplies":[],"upvotes":1,"indicators":[],"topics":[{"topic":"all","activity":1,"score":1,"relativeScore":1},{"topic":"crypto","activity":1,"score":1,"relativeScore":1},{"topic":"eth","activity":1,"score":1,"relativeScore":1}],"context":{"all":{"topic":"all","activity":1,"score":1,"relativeScore":1},"crypto":{"topic":"crypto","activity":1,"score":1,"relativeScore":1},"eth":{"topic":"eth","activity":1,"score":1,"relativeScore":1}},"gotReplies":false,"pinned":{},"editorializers":{},"parents":[],"referrals":[],"_id":"pwr_1577646449744","channel":[],"replyTo":"medium.com/@lrettig/how-open-is-too-open-bfc412cf0d24","source":"pwr.news","time":1577646449744,"totalUpvotes":0,"score":0,"nReplies":0,"added":"2020-09-22T21:30:20.960Z","type":"editorializer","first":null,"__at":"2025-02-18T08:21:18.969Z","boosted":false,"safeId":"pwr_1577646449744","html":"","origin":"pwr.news"},"pwr_wien_20190104_45":{"original":{"category":"Governance and Standards"},"title":"Lane Rettig on transparency and the Devcon meetings on the PoW chain that caused a ruckus","author":"evn","replies":[],"directReplies":[],"upvotes":1,"indicators":[],"topics":[],"context":{},"gotReplies":false,"pinned":{},"editorializers":{},"parents":[],"referrals":[],"_id":"pwr_wien_20190104_45","updates":2,"time":1546599600000,"first":1575470473548,"url":"https://weekinethereumnews.com/january-4-2019/#/Lane_Rettig_on_transparency","link":"https://t.umblr.com/redirect?z=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F%40lrettig%2Fhow-open-is-too-open-bfc412cf0d24%3Fref%3Dweekinethereum&t=YjFlMTMzOWNhNmQyZGFiNDQ2ZGYxZTc0NjY2M2VhYTEyMmIzNGU3OCwzcXdrN0c4eQ%3D%3D&b=t%3AQ8svKXOQOFn4j1wJ-IeWRA&p=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weekinethereum.com%2Fpost%2F181733281453%2Fjanuary-4-2019&m=0","source":"weekinethereumnews.com","added":"2021-04-28T09:26:54.724Z","channel":[],"replyTo":"medium.com/@lrettig/how-open-is-too-open-bfc412cf0d24","totalUpvotes":0,"score":0,"html":"Lane Rettig on \u003ca 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href=\"https://t.umblr.com/redirect?z=https%3A%2F%2Fdappboi.com%2F&t=ZThmZjE0MjVjZmVkNzczMGFiOGMxMTM3MWE5NDEwZWI1NWIzZDg5ZixmTjB0d3RDRg%3D%3D&b=t%3AQ8svKXOQOFn4j1wJ-IeWRA&p=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weekinethereum.com%2Fpost%2F182313356313%2Fjanuary-25-2019&m=0\">selling tokens representing 1 hour of design consulting\u003c/a>\u003cbr>","__at":"2025-02-18T08:21:18.969Z","safeId":"pwr_wien_20190125_68","origin":"weekinethereumnews.com"},"1516967084030373888":{"original":{"full_text":"Giveaway! 🎉\n\nWe are giving away 3x FVCK_AVATAR NFTs from @lvcidia & @fvckrender, worth ~1 ETH! ☄️⛓\n\nTo enter:\n1. Follow @RaritySniperNFT\n2. Follow @lvcidia\n3. 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🦍🦍🦍\n\n🐵 #LAUNCH ON #UNISWAP #ETH:APRIL 24th🐵\n@ApeborgToken\n\n#Ethereum #Bitcoin #Binance #BTC #BNB #BSC #dogecoin #doge #SHIBARMY #SHIB #elonmusk #crypto #SAFEMOON #FLOKI #APE #APECOIN #BAYC #Metaverse #MarvinInu #NFT #FEG #altcoin #BabyDoge #P2E #ALTSEASON #alts #CZ","favorites":8662,"first":1650559083507,"image":{"url":"https://pbs.twimg.com/ext_tw_video_thumb/1517091081237807104/pu/img/GO-Mlc6prQkzGZDW.jpg","width":720,"height":720,"_id":"67b443b5cb581153392b2358"},"source":"twitter.com","time":1650537685000,"timely":true,"updates":1,"url":"https://twitter.com/ApeborgToken/status/1517091126733377538","nReplies":0,"type":"tweet","origin":"","__at":"2025-02-18T08:24:21.754Z","boosted":false,"safeId":"1517091126733377538","html":"\u003cspan class=\"bloat\">#APEBORG\u003c/span> 🦍🦍🦍\u003cbr>\u003cbr>🐵 \u003cspan class=\"bloat\">#LAUNCH\u003c/span> ON \u003cspan class=\"bloat\">#UNISWAP\u003c/span> \u003cspan class=\"bloat\">#ETH\u003c/span>:APRIL 24th🐵\u003cbr>\u003cspan 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We are researchers and hackers dedicated to creating the most developer friendly scaling solution for Ethereum. \n\nCheck us out at: http://scroll.io\n\t\t\t\n\n2/19 Our goal is to make interacting with Layer 2 as easy as interacting with Layer 1 Ethereum for both developers and end users. Because Scroll is fully EVM-equivalent, the experience will be exactly the same, with significantly reduced gas fees and increased throughput.\n\t\t\t\n\n3/19 For users, this means:\n* a Layer 2 chain with lower transaction cost and higher throughput, but inheriting security guarantees from Ethereum\n* the same user interface and experience they are used to from existing dapps\n* direct compatibility with existing wallets\n\t\t\t\n\n4/19 For developers, this means:\n* Scroll will run Ethereum smart contracts natively at the bytecode level, no transpilation required\n* existing dev tooling like Hardhat, Truffle, and Remix will run natively on Scroll\n* the ability to build dapps using much greater throughput\n\t\t\t\n\n5/19 How is this possible?\n\nOur approach relies on two main innovations: (1) the zkEVM we are building in the open with the Ethereum Foundation's applied ZKP team and (2) hardware acceleration and mechanism design for a decentralized prover ecosystem.\n\t\t\t\n\n6/19 (1) We are building a zkEVM to trustlessly prove valid execution of smart contract code. Unlike other zkVMs, it achieves bytecode-level compatibility with Ethereum, meaning all EVM opcodes behave the same as on the base layer.\n\t\t\t\n\n7/19 This means developers can expect their code will behave the same on Scroll and ordinary Ethereum, allowing for seamless migration. It also enables integration with existing Ethereum infrastructure without any modifications.\n\t\t\t\n\n8/19 This was only made possible by many research breakthroughs (advanced circuit arithmetization like custom gate and lookup argument; recursive proofs; hardware acceleration) from the last few years. We are grateful to all of the researchers whose hard work has enabled this.\n\t\t\t\n\n9/19 We'd also like to thank our collaborators at the Ethereum Foundation's Applied ZKP team and throughout the community who we are lucky to work with. For more technical details on the zkEVM, see http://scroll.io/blog/zkEVM and come build with us at http://github.com/appliedzkp/zkevm-circuits.\n\t\t\t\n\n10/19 (2) In addition to the zkEVM-based execution layer, we are building a robust outsourcing mechanism to enable a decentralized network of Rollers to generate ZKPs. Our aim is to allow anyone to participate in our open proving network.\n\t\t\t\n\n11/19 To kickstart this ecosystem, we've developed the fastest GPU prover in the world and are supporting some phenomenal teams building FPGA or ASIC solutions. If you are working on ZK hardware acceleration, please reach out -- we would love to have you in our ecosystem.\n\t\t\t\n\n12/19 Who we are:\n\nWe are a team of 20+ engineers and researchers, distributed globally and led by @yezhang1998 @SandyPeng1 @shenhaichen. We were motivated to build Scroll to create an open and community-owned Ethereum scaling solution.\n\t\t\t\n\n13/19 We believe important infrastructure like this should be built together with the community in a collaborative way. We have been open-source from day 1, working closely with our collaborators at http://github.com/appliedzkp and other brilliant minds around the world.\n\t\t\t\n\n14/19 Some notes on what's to come:\n\nWe are working hard towards an initial testnet release for both our zkEVM and proving network. We hope to have more technical details to share on this front in the next few months. In the meantime...\n\t\t\t\n\n15/19 If you'd like to join us in building towards our vision of scaling Ethereum, reach out at http://jobs.lever.co/ScrollFoundation or check out and contribute to our open-source efforts at: http://github.com/appliedzkp/zkevm-circuits and http://github.com/scroll-tech\n\t\t\t\n\n16/19 One last thing...\n\nWe have raised 30M for initial development of Scroll from a group of values-aligned collaborators pushing forward the ZKP space including: collaborators from the EF applied ZKP team @ChihChengLiang @CPerezz19 @therealyingtong @Adria010101\n\t\t\t\n\n17/19 Researchers and developers focused on ZKPs: @luke_pearso (Polychain) @_weidai (Bain Crypto) @tomwaltonpocock @kobigurk @AnnaRRose @OmerShlomovits @aszepieniec @weijie_eth @iamnotnicola Akis Kattis @shumochu\n\t\t\t\n\n18/19 Members of the Eth community: @alexhevans @GuilleAngeris @stefancoh (Bain Crypto) @tarunchitra @rleshner @epolynya @sassal0x @RyanSAdams @santiagoroel\n\t\t\t\n\n19/19 Reach out if you'd like to learn more and follow our progress at:\n\nhttp://discord.com/invite/CNzNVt4Feu\nhttp://github.com/scroll-tech\nhttp://scroll.io","favorites":8836,"first":1650549481750,"source":"twitter.com","time":1650549173000,"timely":true,"updates":49,"url":"https://twitter.com/Scroll_ZKP/status/1517139311644200962","nReplies":37,"hasGhosts":true,"type":"tweet","origin":"","merged":true,"__at":"2025-02-18T08:24:21.754Z","boosted":false,"safeId":"1517139311644200962","html":"1/19 After a year of building, we are excited to announce Scroll, a zkEVM-based zkRollup on Ethereum. We are researchers and hackers dedicated to creating the most developer friendly scaling solution for Ethereum. \u003cbr>\u003cbr>Check us out at: \u003ca href=\"http://scroll.io\" title=\"http://scroll.io\">scroll.io…\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\t\t\t\u003cbr>\u003cbr>2/19 Our goal is to make interacting with Layer 2 as easy as interacting with Layer 1 Ethereum for both developers and end users. Because Scroll is fully EVM-equivalent, the experience will be exactly the same, with significantly reduced gas fees and increased throughput.\u003cbr>\t\t\t\u003cbr>\u003cbr>3/19 For users, this means:\u003cbr>* a Layer 2 chain with lower transaction cost and higher throughput, but inheriting security guarantees from Ethereum\u003cbr>* the same user interface and experience they are used to from existing dapps\u003cbr>* direct compatibility with existing wallets\u003cbr>\t\t\t\u003cbr>\u003cbr>4/19 For developers, this means:\u003cbr>* Scroll will run Ethereum smart contracts natively at the bytecode level, no transpilation required\u003cbr>* existing dev tooling like Hardhat, Truffle, and Remix will run natively on Scroll\u003cbr>* the ability to build dapps using much greater throughput\u003cbr>\t\t\t\u003cbr>\u003cbr>5/19 How is this possible?\u003cbr>\u003cbr>Our approach relies on two main innovations: (1) the zkEVM we are building in the open with the Ethereum Foundation's applied ZKP team and (2) hardware acceleration and mechanism design for a decentralized prover ecosystem.\u003cbr>\t\t\t\u003cbr>\u003cbr>6/19 (1) We are building a zkEVM to trustlessly prove valid execution of smart contract code. Unlike other zkVMs, it achieves bytecode-level compatibility with Ethereum, meaning all EVM opcodes behave the same as on the base layer.\u003cbr>\t\t\t\u003cbr>\u003cbr>7/19 This means developers can expect their code will behave the same on Scroll and ordinary Ethereum, allowing for seamless migration. It also enables integration with existing Ethereum infrastructure without any modifications.\u003cbr>\t\t\t\u003cbr>\u003cbr>8/19 This was only made possible by many research breakthroughs (advanced circuit arithmetization like custom gate and lookup argument; recursive proofs; hardware acceleration) from the last few years. We are grateful to all of the researchers whose hard work has enabled this.\u003cbr>\t\t\t\u003cbr>\u003cbr>9/19 We'd also like to thank our collaborators at the Ethereum Foundation's Applied ZKP team and throughout the community who we are lucky to work with. For more technical details on the zkEVM, see \u003ca href=\"http://scroll.io/blog/zkEVM\" title=\"http://scroll.io/blog/zkEVM\">scroll.io/blog/…\u003c/a> and come build with us at \u003ca href=\"http://github.com/appliedzkp/zkevm-circuits.\" title=\"http://github.com/appliedzkp/zkevm-circuits.\">github.com/appl…\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\t\t\t\u003cbr>\u003cbr>10/19 (2) In addition to the zkEVM-based execution layer, we are building a robust outsourcing mechanism to enable a decentralized network of Rollers to generate ZKPs. Our aim is to allow anyone to participate in our open proving network.\u003cbr>\t\t\t\u003cbr>\u003cbr>11/19 To kickstart this ecosystem, we've developed the fastest GPU prover in the world and are supporting some phenomenal teams building FPGA or ASIC solutions. If you are working on ZK hardware acceleration, please reach out -- we would love to have you in our ecosystem.\u003cbr>\t\t\t\u003cbr>\u003cbr>12/19 Who we are:\u003cbr>\u003cbr>We are a team of 20+ engineers and researchers, distributed globally and led by \u003cspan class=\"bloat\">@yezhang1998\u003c/span> \u003cspan class=\"bloat\">@SandyPeng1\u003c/span> \u003cspan class=\"bloat\">@shenhaichen\u003c/span>. We were motivated to build Scroll to create an open and community-owned Ethereum scaling solution.\u003cbr>\t\t\t\u003cbr>\u003cbr>13/19 We believe important infrastructure like this should be built together with the community in a collaborative way. We have been open-source from day 1, working closely with our collaborators at \u003ca href=\"http://github.com/appliedzkp\" title=\"http://github.com/appliedzkp\">github.com/appl…\u003c/a> and other brilliant minds around the world.\u003cbr>\t\t\t\u003cbr>\u003cbr>14/19 Some notes on what's to come:\u003cbr>\u003cbr>We are working hard towards an initial testnet release for both our zkEVM and proving network. We hope to have more technical details to share on this front in the next few months. In the meantime...\u003cbr>\t\t\t\u003cbr>\u003cbr>15/19 If you'd like to join us in building towards our vision of scaling Ethereum, reach out at \u003ca href=\"http://jobs.lever.co/ScrollFoundation\" title=\"http://jobs.lever.co/ScrollFoundation\">jobs.lever.co/S…\u003c/a> or check out and contribute to our open-source efforts at: \u003ca href=\"http://github.com/appliedzkp/zkevm-circuits\" title=\"http://github.com/appliedzkp/zkevm-circuits\">github.com/appl…\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://github.com/scroll-tech\" title=\"http://github.com/scroll-tech\">github.com/scro…\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\t\t\t\u003cbr>\u003cbr>16/19 One last thing...\u003cbr>\u003cbr>We have raised 30M for initial development of Scroll from a group of values-aligned collaborators pushing forward the ZKP space including: collaborators from the EF applied ZKP team \u003cspan class=\"bloat\">@ChihChengLiang\u003c/span> \u003cspan class=\"bloat\">@CPerezz19\u003c/span> \u003cspan class=\"bloat\">@therealyingtong\u003c/span> \u003cspan class=\"bloat\">@Adria010101\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\t\t\t\u003cbr>\u003cbr>17/19 Researchers and developers focused on ZKPs: \u003cspan class=\"bloat\">@luke_pearso\u003c/span> (Polychain) \u003cspan class=\"bloat\">@_weidai\u003c/span> (Bain Crypto) \u003cspan class=\"bloat\">@tomwaltonpocock\u003c/span> \u003cspan class=\"bloat\">@kobigurk\u003c/span> \u003cspan class=\"bloat\">@AnnaRRose\u003c/span> \u003cspan class=\"bloat\">@OmerShlomovits\u003c/span> \u003cspan class=\"bloat\">@aszepieniec\u003c/span> \u003cspan class=\"bloat\">@weijie_eth\u003c/span> \u003cspan class=\"bloat\">@iamnotnicola\u003c/span> Akis Kattis \u003cspan class=\"bloat\">@shumochu\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\t\t\t\u003cbr>\u003cbr>18/19 Members of the Eth community: \u003cspan class=\"bloat\">@alexhevans\u003c/span> \u003cspan class=\"bloat\">@GuilleAngeris\u003c/span> \u003cspan class=\"bloat\">@stefancoh\u003c/span> (Bain Crypto) \u003cspan class=\"bloat\">@tarunchitra\u003c/span> \u003cspan class=\"bloat\">@rleshner\u003c/span> \u003cspan class=\"bloat\">@epolynya\u003c/span> \u003cspan class=\"bloat\">@sassal0x\u003c/span> \u003cspan class=\"bloat\">@RyanSAdams\u003c/span> \u003cspan class=\"bloat\">@santiagoroel\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\t\t\t\u003cbr>\u003cbr>19/19 Reach out if you'd like to learn more and follow our progress at:\u003cbr>\u003cbr>\u003ca href=\"http://discord.com/invite/CNzNVt4Feu\" title=\"http://discord.com/invite/CNzNVt4Feu\">discord.com/inv…\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\u003ca href=\"http://github.com/scroll-tech\" title=\"http://github.com/scroll-tech\">github.com/scro…\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\u003ca href=\"http://scroll.io\" title=\"http://scroll.io\">scroll.io…\u003c/a>","icon":"twitter"},"1517176352239022080":{"original":{"full_text":"Near Protocol ⋈ is the most hyped Layer 1 right now.\n\nCan it become the next Ethereum, or are Venture Capitalists using you as Exit Liquidity? \n\nHere are my thoughts and analysis on Near's potential: https://t.co/VsX0oM1cxK","display_text_range":[0,199],"entities":{"user_mentions":[],"urls":[],"media":[{"id":1517176347012960300,"id_str":"1517176347012960256","indices":[200,223],"media_url":"http://pbs.twimg.com/media/FQ4X2WlVEAA8iFO.jpg","media_url_https":"https://pbs.twimg.com/media/FQ4X2WlVEAA8iFO.jpg","url":"https://t.co/VsX0oM1cxK","display_url":"pic.twitter.com/VsX0oM1cxK","expanded_url":"https://twitter.com/thedefiedge/status/1517176352239022080/photo/1","type":"photo","sizes":{"thumb":{"w":150,"h":150,"resize":"crop"},"large":{"w":1920,"h":1080,"resize":"fit"},"small":{"w":680,"h":383,"resize":"fit"},"medium":{"w":1200,"h":675,"resize":"fit"}}}]},"extended_entities":{"media":[{"id":1517176347012960300,"id_str":"1517176347012960256","indices":[200,223],"media_url":"http://pbs.twimg.com/media/FQ4X2WlVEAA8iFO.jpg","media_url_https":"https://pbs.twimg.com/media/FQ4X2WlVEAA8iFO.jpg","url":"https://t.co/VsX0oM1cxK","display_url":"pic.twitter.com/VsX0oM1cxK","expanded_url":"https://twitter.com/thedefiedge/status/1517176352239022080/photo/1","type":"photo","sizes":{"thumb":{"w":150,"h":150,"resize":"crop"},"large":{"w":1920,"h":1080,"resize":"fit"},"small":{"w":680,"h":383,"resize":"fit"},"medium":{"w":1200,"h":675,"resize":"fit"}}}]},"source":"\u003ca href=\"https://typefully.com/\" rel=\"nofollow\">Typefully\u003c/a>","user":{"id_str":"1480297433020215297","name":"The DeFi Edge 🗡️","screen_name":"thedefiedge","location":"","description":"Deconstructing how you can become a more profitable DeFi investor. 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\n\nGood Luck! 🍀\n\n#NFTGiveaway #NFTGiveaways #NFTCommmunity #NFTs #PhantaBear https://t.co/HZvVFgGJEQ","display_text_range":[0,246],"entities":{"user_mentions":[{"screen_name":"0xChougs","name":"chougs.eth","id_str":"952252020840390656"}],"urls":[],"media":[{"id":1517249658006999000,"id_str":"1517249658006999041","indices":[247,270],"media_url":"http://pbs.twimg.com/media/FQ5ahnUXEAEIjo_.jpg","media_url_https":"https://pbs.twimg.com/media/FQ5ahnUXEAEIjo_.jpg","url":"https://t.co/HZvVFgGJEQ","display_url":"pic.twitter.com/HZvVFgGJEQ","expanded_url":"https://twitter.com/0xChougs/status/1517249662109028356/photo/1","type":"photo","sizes":{"thumb":{"w":150,"h":150,"resize":"crop"},"medium":{"w":1170,"h":1161,"resize":"fit"},"large":{"w":1170,"h":1161,"resize":"fit"},"small":{"w":680,"h":675,"resize":"fit"}}}]},"extended_entities":{"media":[{"id":1517249658006999000,"id_str":"1517249658006999041","indices":[247,270],"media_url":"http://pbs.twimg.com/media/FQ5ahnUXEAEIjo_.jpg","media_url_https":"https://pbs.twimg.com/media/FQ5ahnUXEAEIjo_.jpg","url":"https://t.co/HZvVFgGJEQ","display_url":"pic.twitter.com/HZvVFgGJEQ","expanded_url":"https://twitter.com/0xChougs/status/1517249662109028356/photo/1","type":"photo","sizes":{"thumb":{"w":150,"h":150,"resize":"crop"},"medium":{"w":1170,"h":1161,"resize":"fit"},"large":{"w":1170,"h":1161,"resize":"fit"},"small":{"w":680,"h":675,"resize":"fit"}}}]},"source":"\u003ca href=\"http://twitter.com/download/iphone\" rel=\"nofollow\">Twitter for iPhone\u003c/a>","user":{"id_str":"952252020840390656","name":"chougs.eth","screen_name":"0xChougs","location":"Blockchain","description":"220,000+ Supporters • Marketing and Promotions Manager 📈 • Sharing my Favorite NFTs • DM for Business 📩 #NFT #NFTPromotion #NFTGiveaway","url":null,"entities":{"description":{"urls":[]}},"followers_count":105591,"friends_count":444,"listed_count":3,"created_at":"Sat Jan 13 18:52:28 +0000 2018","favourites_count":64,"geo_enabled":false,"statuses_count":58,"lang":null,"profile_image_url_https":"https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1510002534789922820/Cm7hBc4i_normal.jpg","translator_type":"none","withheld_in_countries":[]},"retweet_count":2519,"favorite_count":2400,"lang":"en","added":"2022-04-23T21:51:31.019Z"},"title":"","author":"chougs.eth @0xChougs","replies":["1517440929468395520"],"directReplies":[],"upvotes":2459.5,"indicators":[],"topics":[{"topic":"all","activity":2460,"score":2485,"relativeScore":1},{"topic":"crypto","activity":2460,"score":2485,"relativeScore":1},{"topic":"eth","activity":2460,"score":2485,"relativeScore":1}],"context":{"all":{"topic":"all","activity":2460,"score":2485,"relativeScore":1},"crypto":{"topic":"crypto","activity":2460,"score":2485,"relativeScore":1},"eth":{"topic":"eth","activity":2460,"score":2485,"relativeScore":1}},"gotReplies":false,"pinned":{},"editorializers":{},"parents":[],"referrals":[],"_id":"1517249662109028356","added":"2022-04-23T21:54:40.587Z","source":"twitter.com","content":"🎁 NFT GIVEAWAY 🎁\n\nI am giving away ONE Phanta Bear NFT worth 1.2 ETH ($3,600!) 🐻\n\nTo Enter:\n- Follow @0xChougs \n- Like and RT ♥️\n- Tag Friends\n\nWinner chosen in 48 hours! 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RIP https://t.co/z5SOhMWim3","display_text_range":[0,136],"entities":{"user_mentions":[],"urls":[],"media":[{"id":1517252498670633000,"id_str":"1517252498670632962","indices":[137,160],"media_url":"http://pbs.twimg.com/media/FQ5dG9nWQAIGGLZ.png","media_url_https":"https://pbs.twimg.com/media/FQ5dG9nWQAIGGLZ.png","url":"https://t.co/z5SOhMWim3","display_url":"pic.twitter.com/z5SOhMWim3","expanded_url":"https://twitter.com/tropoFarmer/status/1517252500608405506/photo/1","type":"photo","sizes":{"large":{"w":1008,"h":1008,"resize":"fit"},"small":{"w":680,"h":680,"resize":"fit"},"thumb":{"w":150,"h":150,"resize":"crop"},"medium":{"w":1008,"h":1008,"resize":"fit"}}}]},"extended_entities":{"media":[{"id":1517252498670633000,"id_str":"1517252498670632962","indices":[137,160],"media_url":"http://pbs.twimg.com/media/FQ5dG9nWQAIGGLZ.png","media_url_https":"https://pbs.twimg.com/media/FQ5dG9nWQAIGGLZ.png","url":"https://t.co/z5SOhMWim3","display_url":"pic.twitter.com/z5SOhMWim3","expanded_url":"https://twitter.com/tropoFarmer/status/1517252500608405506/photo/1","type":"photo","sizes":{"large":{"w":1008,"h":1008,"resize":"fit"},"small":{"w":680,"h":680,"resize":"fit"},"thumb":{"w":150,"h":150,"resize":"crop"},"medium":{"w":1008,"h":1008,"resize":"fit"}}}]},"source":"\u003ca href=\"http://twitter.com/download/android\" rel=\"nofollow\">Twitter for Android\u003c/a>","user":{"id_str":"16273846","name":"tropoFarmer ∞","screen_name":"tropoFarmer","location":"Minnesota, USA","description":"Top NFT Strategist || https://t.co/ibFtA0mPzd || 🗨️ Discord: tropoFarmer#0001 || Ambassador @2112Run & @Tokenfy_ || Bored Ape Team Owner @fcflio || Bloot 🦋","url":"https://t.co/3hYWcD433Z","entities":{"url":{"urls":[{"url":"https://t.co/3hYWcD433Z","expanded_url":"https://xn--qh8hc16fma.y.at","display_url":"👉👌🌭🌮.y.at","indices":[0,23]}]},"description":{"urls":[{"url":"https://t.co/ibFtA0mPzd","expanded_url":"http://twitch.tv/tropoFarmer","display_url":"twitch.tv/tropoFarmer","indices":[22,45]}]}},"followers_count":153128,"friends_count":9314,"listed_count":1505,"created_at":"Sat Sep 13 17:36:32 +0000 2008","favourites_count":110271,"geo_enabled":true,"statuses_count":16072,"lang":null,"profile_image_url_https":"https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1513549785537650689/Z0vnqOIg_normal.png","translator_type":"none","withheld_in_countries":[]},"retweet_count":383,"favorite_count":4811,"lang":"en","added":"2022-04-23T21:21:18.518Z"},"title":"","author":"tropoFarmer ∞ @tropoFarmer","replies":["1517257834278408194","1517254049980162051"],"directReplies":["1517254049980162051"],"upvotes":2597,"indicators":[],"topics":[{"topic":"all","activity":2714,"score":2742,"relativeScore":1},{"topic":"crypto","activity":2597,"score":2624,"relativeScore":1},{"topic":"eth","activity":2597,"score":2624,"relativeScore":1}],"context":{"all":{"topic":"all","activity":2714,"score":2742,"relativeScore":1},"crypto":{"topic":"crypto","activity":2597,"score":2624,"relativeScore":1},"eth":{"topic":"eth","activity":2597,"score":2624,"relativeScore":1}},"gotReplies":false,"pinned":{},"editorializers":{},"parents":[],"referrals":[],"_id":"1517252500608405506","added":"2022-04-23T21:24:41.501Z","source":"twitter.com","content":"someone just put out a GLOBAL offer of 240 eth for any moonbird (which was promptly accepted) 🤦♂️ this is what they paid $720k for. RIP ht","favorites":4811,"first":1650577861149,"image":{"url":"https://pbs.twimg.com/media/FQ5dG9nWQAIGGLZ.png","width":1008,"height":1008,"_id":"67b443b5cb581153392b235b"},"time":1650576159000,"timely":true,"updates":48,"url":"https://twitter.com/tropoFarmer/status/1517252500608405506","nReplies":2,"type":"tweet","origin":"","__at":"2025-02-18T08:24:21.754Z","boosted":false,"safeId":"1517252500608405506","html":"someone just put out a GLOBAL offer of 240 eth for any moonbird (which was promptly accepted) 🤦♂️ this is what they paid $720k for. RIP ht","icon":"twitter"},"1517278228918018049":{"original":{"full_text":"New MEV just dropped: @moonbirds_xyz arbitrage\n\nSearcher bought for 44 ETH and sold it for 240 ETH in the same transaction, pocketing a cool ~180 ETH for themselves after fees\n\nhttps://t.co/KvJ1dlKu43 https://t.co/HCLyvrIfzi","display_text_range":[0,200],"entities":{"user_mentions":[{"screen_name":"moonbirds_xyz","name":"Moonbirds (🥃, 🦉)","id_str":"1498857371547828224"}],"urls":[{"url":"https://t.co/KvJ1dlKu43","expanded_url":"https://etherscan.io/tx/0x0659a203bd7a97d497562b14aa18f5946ded50be2b14c4bbaef80f5c9c42229d"}],"media":[{"id":1517277795277230000,"id_str":"1517277795277230083","indices":[201,224],"media_url":"http://pbs.twimg.com/media/FQ50Ha0WUAMB3gI.png","media_url_https":"https://pbs.twimg.com/media/FQ50Ha0WUAMB3gI.png","url":"https://t.co/HCLyvrIfzi","display_url":"pic.twitter.com/HCLyvrIfzi","expanded_url":"https://twitter.com/bertcmiller/status/1517278228918018049/photo/1","type":"photo","sizes":{"large":{"w":1008,"h":1008,"resize":"fit"},"small":{"w":680,"h":680,"resize":"fit"},"thumb":{"w":150,"h":150,"resize":"crop"},"medium":{"w":1008,"h":1008,"resize":"fit"}}}]},"extended_entities":{"media":[{"id":1517277795277230000,"id_str":"1517277795277230083","indices":[201,224],"media_url":"http://pbs.twimg.com/media/FQ50Ha0WUAMB3gI.png","media_url_https":"https://pbs.twimg.com/media/FQ50Ha0WUAMB3gI.png","url":"https://t.co/HCLyvrIfzi","display_url":"pic.twitter.com/HCLyvrIfzi","expanded_url":"https://twitter.com/bertcmiller/status/1517278228918018049/photo/1","type":"photo","sizes":{"large":{"w":1008,"h":1008,"resize":"fit"},"small":{"w":680,"h":680,"resize":"fit"},"thumb":{"w":150,"h":150,"resize":"crop"},"medium":{"w":1008,"h":1008,"resize":"fit"}}}]},"source":"\u003ca href=\"https://mobile.twitter.com\" rel=\"nofollow\">Twitter Web App\u003c/a>","user":{"id_str":"934205226743103493","name":"@bertcmiller⚡️🤖🛡️","screen_name":"bertcmiller","location":"🌌","description":"⚡️ @ Flashbots \n\nTweets about crypto, technology, philosophy. 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MEV just dropped: @moonbirds_xyz arbitrage\n\nSearcher bought for 44 ETH and sold it for 240 ETH in the same transaction, pocketing a cool ~180 ETH for themselves after fees\n\nhttps://etherscan.io/tx/0x0659a203bd7a97d497562b14aa18f5946ded50be2b14c4bbaef80f5c9c42229d","favorites":735,"first":1650676867023,"image":{"url":"https://pbs.twimg.com/media/FQ50Ha0WUAMB3gI.png","width":1008,"height":1008,"_id":"67b443b5cb581153392b235c"},"time":1650582294000,"updates":26,"replyTo":"etherscan.io/tx/0x0659a203bd7a97d497562b14aa18f5946ded50be2b14c4bbaef80f5c9c42229d","replyType":"reference","hasGhosts":true,"nReplies":1,"type":"tweet","origin":"","__at":"2025-02-18T08:24:21.754Z","boosted":false,"safeId":"1517278228918018049","html":"New MEV just dropped: \u003cspan class=\"bloat\">@moonbirds_xyz\u003c/span> arbitrage\u003cbr>\u003cbr>Searcher bought for 44 ETH and sold it for 240 ETH in the same transaction, pocketing a cool ~180 ETH for themselves after fees\u003cbr>\u003cbr>\u003ca 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